NIUSI

part of the Education Reform Networks

Learning Standards

• 
  
• "Grandma's Place": An Intergenerational Literacy Center
  Describes a literature conference for the Harlem community on choosing and using self-affirming books for African American children. Describes Grandma's Place, a literacy and parent support center with an array of multicultural literature.
• "Mama," Affection, and Migration: Recommended Books about Latinos for Children and Adolescents
  Presents an annotated bibliography of books to teach children and adolescents about Latinos and the Latino culture. Topics of the books range from the spirit of the Latino folk arts to poetic expressions, migration stories, and insightful essays about Cuba under Castro.
• "Water as Rough as an Elephant's Foot..." Learning Geography through Poetry Writing at KS2
  Describes how bilingual fourth and fifth graders at one London elementary school learned geography by writing poetry. This effort involved: engaging with the topic, consolidating knowledge and understanding, and extending knowledge and understanding.
• [Collected Papers on International Aspects of Teacher Education and Technology.]
  This document contains the following papers on international issues in technology and teacher education: "Developing and Researching the International Dimension in Teacher Education and Technology:.
• A Career Odyssey. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Career and Technical Education/International Vocational Education and Training Association (74th, San Diego, California, December 7-10, 2000). Business Education Division
  These six papers present sound research in business education. "Status of Full- and Part-Time Business Faculty at Two-Year College and Perceived Importance of Selected Professional Services" (Marcia A.
• A Computerized Screening Instrument of Language Learnability
  This article presents further analyses of a pilot study that examined the effectiveness of a computerized language screening instrument for 60 multicultural children (ages 7-8). Results suggest that because of its computerization and language learnability features, this innovative instrument may be an effective alternative to current screening procedures.
• A Critical Analysis of the Multicultural Counseling Competencies: Implications for the Practice of Mental Health Counseling
  Discusses the implications of adopting the Multicultural Counseling Competencies created by the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development for members of the American Mental Health Counseling Association and other counseling practitioners. Suggests that more empirical data need to be collected before the Competencies are required of practicing counselors or implemented in counselor education programs.
• A Cultural Mosaic
  The diversity program initiated in a Philadelphia high school is based on the following principles: teachers should educate themselves about diversity, spread and reinforce the word, think outside the box, lead by example, and use multiple strategies to prepare students to succeed in a multicultural world. (JOW).
• A Guide to Faculty Development: Practical Advice, Examples, and Resources
  Chapters in this guide provide practical guidance and useful information and resources relating to important aspects of faculty development, from setting up a faculty development program to assessing teaching practices.
• A longitudinal study of learning to use children’s thinking in mathematics instruction
  Multi-year study that examined the changes in the beliefs and instruction of 21 primary grade teachers with their participation in a Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI) program.
• A Multicultural Autobiographies Interdisciplinary Course
  Describes an interdisciplinary course on multicultural autobiographies that integrated psychology and literature, requiring students to examine primary texts using analytical tools from both disciplines. Addresses the outcomes and writing assignments, psychological and literary perspectives on autobiographical texts, the students' responses, and teaching observations.
• A professional development school partnership: Conflict and collaboration
  The Professional Develpment School (PDS) is one of the most prominent, compelling, and recent models of teacher education reform. For decades efforts have been made to reform the U.S.
• A Response to Rose Hernandez Sheets
  Responds to an essay that examined the role of whites in multicultural education and reviewed three books on the subject, agreeing with the essay's assertion that having a positive white racial identity does not an antiracist educator make; questioning the essay's interpretation of the term marginalization regarding diverse students; and agreeing that whites must take the responsibility for educating themselves about people of color. (SM).
• A Review of the Pipeline: The Value of Diversity in Staffing Teaching and Learning Centers in the New Millennium
  Surveys the national context of recruiting and hiring faculty developers, examines faculty development center staffing, and discusses the advantages and challenges of hiring a diverse staff. Offers suggestions for the future of educational development associations as multicultural organizations and how educational development professionals can lead the effort toward creating a diverse pipeline of professionals.
• A Sound Education
  Although band, chorus, and orchestra are still mainstays of most school music programs, many schools are incorporating technology, multicultural music, composition, and improvisation into the course offerings. Music teachers must balance tradition and innovation.
• Academic Achievement, Race, and Reform: Six Essays on Understanding Assessment Policy, Standardized Achievement Tests, and Anti-Racist Alternatives
  This set of six essays was written as a resource for those working in their schools and communities to promote social justice, combat racism, and encourage quality education for all youth.
• Access and Success in Web Courses at an Urban Multicultural Community College: The Student's Perspective
  This study explores the question of access in Arizona's postsecondary electronic education environment by looking at an urban community college with a highly diverse student population. Phoenix College (PC) is a community college in the Maricopa Community College District in Phoenix, Arizona.
• Adult Basic Skills: Developing a Local Action Plan.
  This document presents advice from the United Kingdom's Basic Skills Agency regarding developing local action plans.
• African American Females' Voices in the Classroom: Young Sisters Making Connections through Literature
  Examines the reading experiences of six African-American middle school girls. Finds that their book selection processes were different than those proposed by the professional multicultural education literature; they found affirmations, support, solutions, and decision-making skills in their reading; and that what mattered were the connections the girls were making to those characters.
• Aiming High 2: Straight A's
  This book explores the key themes of raising achievement and the various strategies in both teaching and learning which will lead to students achieving their potential. Experienced A-level teachers reflect on issues including: the link between cultural awareness and developing linguistic skills; teaching study skills and learning strategies as an integral part of all aspects of teaching and learning a modern foreign language.
• Alternative Assessment of Language and Literacy in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations
  This article explores some problems and recent solutions to the use of norm-referenced testing of children who are culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD). It describes two promising procedures to provide unbiased assessment of CLD children's language and literacy: the use of processing-dependent measures and of dynamic assessment measures.
• An Intervention Package to Support High School Students With Mental Retardation in General Education Classrooms
  The effects of using a multicomponent intervention package to support the classroom performance of 4 high school students with mental retardation enrolled in general education classes were investigated.
• Applications of "Multiculturalism" Demonstrated by Elementary Preservice Science Teachers
  This study examined 38 thematic units prepared by preservice elementary teachers at the end of their science methods class and their second semester in an urban, field-based program, investigating how they addressed principles of diversity and multiculturalism. The units had either a science theme or science integrated with themes from other disciplines.
• Asian Heritage Pupils, PE and Language
  Investigated whether physical education (PE) classes could contribute to verbal skill development among limited English speaking Asian students. Surveys and interviews conducted at inner city English schools indicated that many PE teachers already planned lessons with such learning in mind, and relevant policies were well-developed.
• Becoming Successful Readers: A Volunteer Tutoring Program for Culturally Diverse Students
  A study examined how culturally diverse students increased their reading/writing performance through a structured volunteer tutoring program. Two university professors developed volunteer tutoring programs at six elementary schools in southeastern Michigan.
• Beginning To Work with Adult English Language Learners: Some Considerations. ERIC Q & A
  This paper discusses what teachers who are beginning to work with adult English language learners need to know. Recommendations in four areas are discussed: applications of adult learning in English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) contexts; second language acquisition; culture and working with multicultural groups; and instructional approaches that support language development in adults.
• Beyond an Epcot Nation: Reinventing the Multicultural for Transformative Pedagogy
  This paper critiques multiculturalism from a range of fronts and asks what underlying influence ties together its widespread criticisms. In naming this principal influence, the paper considers what new paths are possible for reinventing the multicultural in composition studies.
• Beyond Fairy Godmothers and Glass Slippers: A Look at Multicultural Variants of Cinderella
  This annotated bibliography presents a collection of multicultural Cinderella variants, all of which allow children to experience the culture within an easily identifiable framework. Variants include African/African American/American South, Asian, Jewish, Latino/Latin American/Caribbean, Middle Eastern, Native American, and other European American.
• Beyond Mulan: Rediscovering the Heroines of Chinese Folklore
  Notes how sadly the Disney treatment of the story of Mulan reduced both the character Mulan and the story's broad appeal. Presents and critiques four picture book versions of the Mulan legend.
• Beyond Multiple Intelligences: Implications for Multicultural Teachers
  Since intelligence is a highly respected universal value, education must build on sociocultural and educational expectations of diverse learners. Multicultural education is useful in tapping diverse learners' multiple intelligences.
• Bilingual Education for All: A Benefits Model for Small Towns
  Suggests a curriculum for rural and small-town schools that combines bilingual education in local languages (indigenous, heritage, or immigrant languages) with global, multicultural education. Discusses benefits to students and community, and ways that the model overcomes typical rural constraints of inflexible school organization; administrative and public resistance; and lack of bilingual teachers, materials, and funding.
• Biliteracy for a Global Society: An Idea Book on Dual Language Education (2000)
  This document asserts that dual language education is a program that has the potential to promote the multilingual and multicultural competencies necessary for the new global business job market while eradicating the significant achievement gap between language majority and language minority students. The appeal of dual language programs is that they combine successful educational models in an integrated classroom composed of both language majority and language minority students, with the goals of bilingualism and biliteracy, academic excellence for both groups, and multicultural competencies.
• Booktalking Across the Curriculum: The Middle Years
  This book contains booktalks for 170 titles that appeal to middle school readers and relate to middle school curriculum. Approximately 90% of the books are fiction.
• Breaking the Cultural Cycle: Reframing Pedagogy and Literacy in a Community Context as Intervention Measures for Aboriginal Alienation
  This paper presents an alternative view to the pedagogical needs relating to literacy for Aboriginal students. The question posed is how to utilize this knowledge to lessen the impact of perceived failure in early schooling of entrenched non-attendance patterns for Aboriginal students of compulsory school attending ages.
• Bridging Differences of Time, Place, and Culture Using Children's and Young Adult Literature
  Focuses on the use of children's and young adult literature in the social studies classroom, addressing the New York state standards at the third- to sixth-grade levels. Provides an annotated bibliography of books that can be utilized in areas, such as U.S.
• Business Education Index, 2000: Index of Business Education Articles and Research Studies Compiled from a Selected List of Periodicals Published during the Year 2000. Volume 61
  This document (which is to be the last in its series) indexes business education articles and research studies compiled from a selected list of 38 periodicals published in 2000. Priority is given to journals essential to research and teaching across the broad business education spectrum.
• Can professional certification for teachers reshape teaching as a career?
  IT WAS Dan Lortie who first observed that teaching is an "unstaged" career -- in the sense of lacking a progression of stages through which one can expect to advance.(FN1) Yet teachers have long known -- and often complained -- that their responsibilities seldom change from the first to the last day of work. For most, the routines of planning, teaching, grading, and meeting recur with little variation through the years.
• Canadian Mathematics Education Study Group = Groupe Canadien d'Etude en Didactique des Mathematiques. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (25th, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 25-29, 2001)
  This document contains the proceedings of the 2001 annual meeting of the Canadian Mathematics Education Study Group (CMESG) held at the University of Alberta, May 25-39, 2000.
• Career and Academic Guidance for American Indian and Alaska Native Youth. ERIC Digest
  American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students strive to maintain their heritage while learning to be successful in the dominant culture. Although academic and career success are worthy goals, AI/AN students can pay a heavy price to achieve them.
• Careers across America 2002: Best Practices & Ideas in Career Development Conference Proceedings (Chicago, IL, July 7-10, 2002)
  This publication seeks to enhance the availability of best practices and ideas in career development. The papers included are derived from program presentations that were given at the July 2002 Careers across America conference.
• Changing Higher Education Curricula for a Global and Multicultural World
  Outlines a framework for changing curricula in higher education in order to prepare students to succeed in a culturally diverse, globally interdependent world. The framework components include focused and infused curriculum changes, increase expertise of a diverse and international faculty, linkages with other universities and organizations, and recruitment of diverse and international students.
• Children with Communication Disorders: Update 2001. ERIC Digest
  This digest discusses various types of communication disorders, their incidence, the learning difficulties associated with them, the special case of English language learners, and the educational significance of communication disorders.
• Children's and Young Adult Literature by Latino Writers: A Guide for Librarians, Teachers, Parents, and Students
  This guide is designed to help librarians, teachers, parents, and students learn and teach about Latinos and find appropriate reading materials by Latinos. The titles in the guide are in print and available for purchase as of the printing of this book.
• Children's Literature in a Time of National Tragedy. ERIC Digest
  This digest is intended to guide parents and teachers in helping children deal with the attacks of September 11, 2001 through the use of literature. It begins with suggestions, guidelines, and strategies which parents and teachers can use to help children deal with the tragedy, and it discusses the role of literature in helping children at a time of national disaster.
• Children's Literature in Adult Education
  Investigates the possible role of children's literature in the education of adult learners of English. Shows that children's literature can be effective in teaching linguistic skills such as pronunciation practice and improving language acquisition.
• Children's Literature Web Sites
  Presents annotations of approximately 80 web sites that range in coverage from idiosyncratic and focused to diverse and comprehensive metasites. Notes categories of sites include: children's literature web guides; trade book publisher web sites; author/illustrator sites (metasites and individual); book review sources and teaching ideas; web sites with a multicultural focus; and children's literature discussion groups on the web.
• Collaborative reform and other improbable dreams: The challenges of professional development schools
  This book discusses a 10-year process of teacher education reform at a major public research university (The Ohio State University) and the challenges that ensued. The thirteen Professional Development Schools (PDSs) described are diverse yet they share a focus on school/university collaboration, reform in teacher education, professional development, and inquiry.
• Collected Papers on International Aspects of Teacher Education and Technology.
  This document contains the papers on international issues in technology and teacher education.
• Communities of practice and discourse communities: negotiating boundaries in NBPTS certification.
  Dramatic efforts toward professionalization of teaching have been made in the last 15 years. Educational research has identified multiple kinds of knowledge (e.g., disciplinary, cultural, social) and skills (e.g., communicative, diagnostic) that teachers must possess in order to be effective in the classroom.
• Conditions, Concessions, and the Many Tender Mercies of Learning through Multicultural Literature
  Explores how students constructed their own texts and meanings when they were required to read, interpret, and critique unfamiliar text written about underrepresented people. Presents the concepts "conditions," "concessions," and many "tender mercies" of learning through multicultural literature when presented as new literature to a heterogeneous mix of students.
• Considering Culture in the Selection of Teaching Approaches for Adults. ERIC Digest
  Cultural differences, including the personal cultures of learners and educators and the culture of the larger social-political environment, are relevant to adult learning. Culture includes those values, beliefs, and practices shared by a group of people.
• Constructivist Pedagogy for Authentically Activating Oral Skills in the Foreign Language Classroom
  This paper explains how oral competence in foreign languages is developed by applying constructivist pedagogic methodology to the four language skills of speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Foreign language constructivist methodology departs from the information processing model and behaviorist teaching that guide the transmission of foreign language teaching.
• Counsellor Education for Developing Multicultural Counselling Competencies
  The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory investigation of a new course initiative in counselor education for working with culturally diverse populations. The study investigated: (1) outcomes of curriculum targeting multicultural competencies; (2) whether prior training experience in multicultural counseling would have an impact on learning outcomes of students in graduate level courses; and (3) students' meaningful experiences during acquisition of multicultural counseling competencies.
• Crafting Multicultural Science Education with Preservice Teachers through Service-learning
  Explores community service-learning as one way to address the multicultural dimensions of preservice science education. Provides background information on multicultural science education and the use of service learning.
• Creating Reciprocal Learning Relationships across Socially-Constructed Borders
  Evaluated a service learning course that matched preservice teachers and older adult literacy learners and aimed to address widespread attrition in adult education programs and the need for multicultural education for preservice teachers. Data revealed two essential elements of successful, reciprocal learning relationships: connecting across differences through caring relationships and ability to reflect in ways that transformed previous assumptions.
• Critical Multiculturalism, Pedagogy, and Rhetorical Theory: A Negotiation of Recognition
  This paper aims to locate multiculturalisms rhetorically, using contemporary rhetorical theorists with which to do so, and using this theorized location to then discuss the implications of a critical multiculturalist pedagogy within the writing classroom in shaping new discursive space in the Academy.
• Cultural Borderlands: Cultural Dissonance in the International School
  Discusses an investigation into the process of intercultural learning in an international school. Reports that cultural dissonance among students, between students and teachers, and in relation to the school culture, seemed to be the catalyst by which intercultural learning took place.
• Current Research in Multilingualism and Education in Lebanon: A Report
  Examines 11 research projects on multilingualism and education in Lebanon, many of which focus on multilingualism and language learning. The research emphasizes three areas: different multicultural aspects of life and communication; specific patterns of multilingual communication (e.g., emphasizing home communication and children's language preference); and various language-related issues in multilingual elementary, secondary, and higher education.
• De Que Colores: A Critical Examination of Multicultural Children's Books
  Examines children's books which highlighted multicultural issues, with the understanding that what is said about multiculturalism is as important, if not more so, than the simple fact that multiculuralism is discussed. Uses an adaptation of Mulvey's (1975) "gaze," to examine whiteness in seven multicultural children's books.
• Deep Reading: Building a Schematic Bridge across World Mythology and Multicultural Literature
  The study of mythology that passes on stories is cultural reproduction. By focusing primarily on classical Greek and Roman mythology, teachers handicap students' ability to enter into dialogue about more diverse literature, thus limiting their ability to live more fully in today's diverse, multicultural world.
• Depoliticizing Multicultural Education: The Return to Normalcy in a Predominantly White High School
  Examines how teachers at a predominantly white, middle-class high school enacted multicultural education into the course, "Cultural Issues." Explores course examples which suggest that micro-political contexts of school and community-shaped curriculum and instruction are important, but in unacknowledged ways. Argues that attention must be paid to the influence of contextual norms.
• Design and Implementation of a Performance-Based Assessment System for the Preparation of Effective Teachers for a Diverse Society
  This document describes Harris-Stowe State College's (HSSC's) Performance-Based Design System for the Preparation of Effective Teachers for a Diverse Society.
• Determining Appropriate Referrals of English Learners to Special Education: Self Assessment Guide for Principals
  This guide is designed to provide principals and others with a general overview of the issue so that they may review their programs for signs of disproportionality and take appropriate action as needed.
• Developmental Outcomes of College Students' Involvement in Leadership Activities
  Using longitudinal data from 875 students, assesses whether student participation in leadership education and training programs has an impact on educational and personal development. Results indicate that leadership participants showed growth in civic responsibility, leadership skills, multicultural awareness, understanding of leadership theories, and personal and societal values.
• Diaries: Listening to "Voices" from the Multicultural Classroom
  Examines evidence from foreign student learner diaries to identify factors inherent in moving to another country and culture. Explores how these may affect students' language learning and suggests ways in which teachers and course designers need to take account of them.
• Didn't Someone Invite Patty? How Patty Smith Hill's Vision of International Education Has Crossed the Border in a Most Unusual Place!
  This paper distills the history of early childhood education in Russia as a backdrop to a discussion of Patty Smith Hills visit to the nursery schools and kindergartens of the Soviet Union in the 1930s. The paper begins with a discussion of the introduction of early childhood education in the late 1800s, the lack of educational advances during the hardships of the period surrounding the revolution, and Russian educator Vera Fediaevskys work and the development of an educational plan emphasizing communistic ideals.
• Discomfort Zones: Learning about Teaching with Care and Discipline in Urban Schools
  Multicultural principles, discipline, and curriculum theory should be integrated and revisited across the teacher-education program via case studies, portfolio assessment, and field experiences. Authors deplore prescriptive, procedural approaches to teaching and value ongoing faculty/student conversations, university alliances with "best" teachers and principals, and trust in children's power.
• Dissolving Borders and Broadening Perspectives through Latino Traditional Literature
  Offers a brief historical perspective on Latino folk literature. Discusses 26 recently published books for children and adolescents in both English and Spanish, organized into origin tales, tales based on historical facts, trickster tales, and cumulative tales.
• Early Childhood Education in Azerbaijan
  Describes the Early Learning Childhood Center in Azerbaijan's capital city. Focuses on the goals of the program; its initial development; staff ratios, compensation, and teacher training; curriculum; cultural challenges and compromise; and relationships with parents.
• Early Childhood Education Program Expectations: Standards of Quality.
  In 1999, a task force was appointed to develop early childhood education (ECE) program expectations or standards for New Jersey's ECE programs. The standards were based on the task force's review of research, curricula, standards, and guidelines developed by local boards of education, other states, and professional organizations; feedback on draft standards from various professionals; and three regional focus groups.
• Early Childhood Research & Practice: An Internet Journal on the Development, Care, and Education of Young Children, Fall 2001
  Early Childhood Research and Practice (ECRP), a peer-reviewed, Internet-only journal sponsored by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education (ERIC/EECE), covers topics related to the development, care, and education of children from birth to approximately age 8.
• Early Positive Predictors of Later Reading Comprehension for African American Students: A Preliminary Investigation
  A longitudinal study examined the performance of 50 African American children (ages 4-6) from low- and middle- income homes on a reading comprehension test. Preliminary results indicate two measures predicted later reading comprehension for children from low income homes, use of complex syntax and shape matching.
• Education and Class
  The working class is nearly invisible in multicultural education literature. Examines the possibilities of a more careful foregrounding of the complexities of social class in shaping life chances, focusing on the educational experiences of working class students and discussing the poor in order to promote understanding of the potential of teacher advocacy to help all children living in poverty.
• Elastic Geometry and Storyknifing: A Yup'ik Eskimo Example
  Introduces elastic geometry, or topology, into the elementary classroom through the study of connecting the intuitive, visual, and spatial components of storyknifing as well as other everyday and ethnomathematical activities. (ASK).
• Electronic Resources for Selecting and Using Children's Literature
  This annotated list of electronic resources suggests materials for selecting and using children's literature. Highlights include children's classics, beginning reader lists, lists by genre and/or grade level, multicultural booklists, annual lists of noted children's literature, children's book awards, extending children's literature, book publishers, and additional sites.
• Embracing Race: Why We Need Race-Conscious Education Policy
  This book examines unsolved issues of race and education, emphasizing four major race-conscious education policies: bilingual education, multicultural curricula, affirmative action, and remedial education. It suggests that such policies are critical to fostering self-determination and personal autonomy in students who would otherwise receive a deficient education.
• Energizing Teacher Education and Professional Development with Problem-Based Learning
  This collection of papers presents a variety of field-tested examples that use problem-based learning (PBL) for teacher education in many professional development settings. It describes PBL activities for preservice, novice, and experienced educators at all levels.
• Engaging Black Learners in Adult and Community Education. NIACE Lifelines in Adult Learning
  This guide explains how adult and community education (ACE) providers across Great Britain can engage black learners in ACE by making their learning programs relevant, challenging, and appropriate to adult learners from black and minority groups.
• Enhancing Success in American Indian Students: Participatory Research at Akwesasne as Part of the Development of a Culturally Relevant Curriculum
  Participatory research by the State University of New York at Potsdam and the Mohawk Nation involved community discussion groups, which established needs for bicultural education for Indian students, the use of Mohawk culture as the arena for curriculum development, development of Mohawk cultural standards, and teacher training in Mohawk culture. (Contains 39 references.) (TD).
• Enrich Your Kindergarten Program with a Cross-Cultural Connection
  Describes a pen pal connection between a New Jersey kindergarten class and an Alaskan Eskimo first-grade class. Details how they used monthly e-mail and regular mail, and exchanged class projects to heighten respect and understanding about others' cultures.
• ESL Policy and Practice: A Linguistic Human Rights Perspective
  Finds that the reading performance of English-as-a-second-language students and English language learners immersed in regular education classes in a large urban school district was far below grade-level performance, across all categories of measurement; but that the performance of English language learners who had successfully exited from bilingual classes was consistently within or above the average range of performance. (SR).
• Ethics in Qualitative Research: Multicultural Feminist Activist Research
  Explores a self-reflexive effort to engage teachers, administrators, and community leaders in qualitative inquiry within a multicultural feminist framework. In graduate courses emphasizing feminist pedagogy and research in urban settings, students conducted research projects designed to transform existing social inequities in their lived experiences.
• Ethnicity and Comparative Youth Disaffection in Multicultural Contexts: Some Multiracial Experiences of Education in Thanet and Lille
  Explored youth disaffection, focusing on K-12 schools in England and France. Data from student interviews, staff interviews, and classroom observations indicated that educational inclusion in the two countries was not meeting the educational needs of disaffected youth.
• Examining Multicultural Picture Books for the Early Childhood Classroom: Possibilities and Pitfalls
  Picture books that depict the variety of ethnic, racial, and cultural groups within U.S. society (known generally as multicultural picture books) allow young children opportunities to develop their understanding of others, while affirming children of diverse backgrounds.
• Experiencing Things Not Seen: Educative Events Centered on a Study of "Shabanu."
  Describes the theoretical foundations, classroom context, and activities of a multicultural literature study (based on S. F.
• Exploring the Game of "Julirde": A Mathematical-Educational Game Played by Fulbe Children in Cameroon
  Presents an educational mathematical activity from Africa. Shows how one child explored the game of Julirde, a game of the mosque emphasizing problem solving and symmetry.
• Exploring the Landscape of Canadian Teacher Education
  Reviews the context of Canadian teacher education, highlighting changes in the educational landscape, in the population (e.g., the multicultural nature of society and shifting urban/rural trends), and in how people think about professional education and discussing the professional development of in-service teachers. An overview of formal and informal professional development in Canada is included.
• Faculty and Multicultural Education: An Analysis of the Levels of Curricular Integration within a Community College System
  The United States population is projected to increase from 249 million in 1990 to 355 million by 2040, with minorities constituting more than half of the total population and a disproportionately large segment of the workforce. With changing demographics and increasing economic globalization, educational institutions will be confronted with reforming their curricula to meet new societal needs by promoting knowledge and understanding of different cultures.
• Faculty Perspectives on Building a Diverse, Inclusive School Psychology Program
  This paper examines the increased emphasis placed on multicultural diversity in the School Psychology Program at Indiana State University. Two assumptions were made about the prominent role diversity is assuming at the university.
• Foreign Language and Culture: Some Background and Some Ideas on Teaching
  Educators should combine foreign language study with discovery of another culture. Several postsecondary institutions are adopting Language Across the Curriculum, which allows students to apply their second-language knowledge in various courses or integrate other disciplines into language courses.
• Fostering the Exchange of Ideas about Diversity in the Higher Education Classroom
  A solution to the problem of preparing teacher education students to develop curricula that focus on multiculturalism is to help them develop the ability to infuse multicultural children's literature and young adult literature into the elementary and secondary school curriculum. Teacher educators must do more than expose their pre-service and in-service teachers to multicultural literature: they must structure their classes so that students see their own and other cultures present in the classroom.
• Freirean Pedagogy, Praxis, and Possibilities: Projects for the New Millennium. Volume 19, Critical Education Practice. Volume 1417, Garland Reference Library of Social Science
  This book contains 15 chapters, each by different authors, commenting and expanding on the educational philosophy and work of Paulo Freire. The following are included: "Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of Possibility" (Peter McLaren); "Studying the Media: What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream" (Noam Chomsky); "Scientism as a Form of Racism" (Paulo Freire and Donaldo Macedo); "Liberating the Critical in Critical Theory: Marcuse, Marx, and a Pedagogy of the Oppressed.
• Geometry through Beadwork Designs
  Presents a lesson on geometry and beadwork with five phases of learning as described by Pierre van Hiele to tell the stories of different cultures and study isometry principles. (ASK).
• GlobaLinks: Resources for Asian Studies, Grades K-8
  The growing accessibility of the Internet in schools and homes has removed borders and barriers to learning. Schools can maximize students' multicultural experiences by developing curricula that heighten global consciousness and responsibility.
• GlobaLinks: Resources for World Studies, Grades K-8
  For years, criticism of education in the United States has focused on the nation as ethnocentric. Schools can maximize their students' multicultural experiences by developing curricula that heighten global consciousness and responsibility.
• Globalisation, Effectiveness and Improvement
  This paper reports principally on two studies, prompted by research on school effectiveness in the United States and England, which indicate globalization is beginning to affect school improvement. The first study cites case studies of two schools--from working-class, multi-ethnic, poorly educated areas of Singapore and London--to determine if these schools can be validly compared, and if so, to point out how these schools can learn from each other.
• Graduates of professional development school programs: Perceptions of the teacher as change agent
  Investigated whether graduates of Professional Development Schools perceived themselves as change agents, implemented practices supporting change, and chose schools supportive of change. Teacher surveys indicated that most respondents believed they were change agents, that they were viewed as change agents, and that they practiced behaviors indicative of change.
• Handbook of Children and the Media
  This handbook analyzes effects on children of traditional media, such as television, film, and advertising; and new media, such as the Internet and video games.
• Handbook of Reading Research. Volume III
  A comprehensive overview of important contemporary issues in the field of reading research, this book presents 47 essays that examine literacy through a variety of lenses--some permitting microscopic views and others panoramic views.
• Help or Hindrance? Staff Perspectives on Developmental Assessment in Multicultural Early Childhood Settings
  Thirty-five staff members' views on developmental assessment in a multicultural early childhood setting are described and used to initiate a critique of current practice in assessment of young children. Staff expressed a range of opinions from endorsement to frank rejection of the utility, validity, and ethics of developmental assessment.
• Helping Students with Disabilities Participate in Standards-Based Mathematics Curriculum. ERIC/OSEP Digest
  This digest discusses how selected researchers are informing practice in four key areas relating to the participation of students with disabilities in standards-based mathematics curriculum. The first area focuses on enhancing students' understanding of mathematics and emphasizes the need to make math meaningful for students with disabilities.
• Home Support for Bilingual Development of Turkish 4-6-Year-Old Immigrant Children in the Netherlands: Efficacy of a Home-Based Educational Programme
  Reports the results of an intensive 2-year home-based educational program for 4-6 year old Turkish minority children in the Netherlands. Mothers who worked with their children at home carried out the structured program in Turkish.
• How Multiple Intelligences Theory Can Guide Teachers' Practices: Ensuring Success for Students with Disabilities
  This OnPoint explored the intersection between Muultiple intelligence(MI) and special education. MI can be used to improve the learning opportunities for diverse learners, and it has a positive impact on both students with special needs and their teachers.
• Immigrant Mothers Redefine Access to ESL Classes: Contradiction and Ambivalence
  Argues that access to English-as-a-Second-Language classes is a complex issue, perhaps more personal and less amenable to solution than previously assumed. Examples are drawn from five individual life-history interviews with 19 non-English-speaking immigrant mothers of school children.
• Implementing Global Science Literacy
  This book expands on the argument for a new type of science curriculum for secondary schools. Instead of being based on each of the major disciplines as are almost all current science curricula, it is suggested that curricula should be conceptually organized around the Earth system, including the science methodology of the system sciences, and capitalize on the cross-cultural characteristics of science to establish greater understanding of the contributions of all cultures.
• Infusing Multicultural Content into the Curriculum for Gifted Students. ERIC Digest #E601
  This brief paper offers an overview of strategies, with practical examples, to infuse multicultural content into the curriculum for gifted students. It proposes a framework for multicultural gifted education based on the four levels or approaches of J.
• Integrating Lifelong Learning Perspectives
  This publication is comprised of 43 papers on the topic of promoting lifelong learning.
• Integrating Western and Aboriginal Sciences: Cross-Cultural Science Teaching
  Addresses issues of social power and privilege experienced by Aboriginal students in science classrooms. Presents a rationale for a cross-cultural science education dedicated to all students making personal meaning out of their science classes.
• Intercultural Education in European Classrooms: Intercultural Education Partnership
  This collection of papers demonstrates the role of the Intercultural Educational Partnership in the United Kingdom. It offers contributions from teachers, educationalists and academics in the field of second/additional language learning.
• International Education: Flying Flags or Raising Standards?
  Contends that many national schools are trying to establish an international mindset, while researchers in the field of International Education have found little uniformity in such institutions. Asserts that meeting standards, such as those of the Alliance for International Education, would provide a clearer idea of what constitutes quality for international schools.
• Investment in teacher quality pays off
  Reveals that teacher quality is the variable that most influences student achievement in the United States. Linking of percentage of teachers with full certification to student achievement; Realization of gains from small class sizes through the hiring of qualified teachers.
• Issues for Citizenship in the Post-14 Curriculum: What Needs To Be Done To Contribute To Raising the Achievement of Ethnic Minority Pupils
  Discusses the new National Curriculum in England in relation to the government's policies aimed at raising academic standards. The new Unified Framework does have the potential to raise the achievement of all students if it is implemented carefully.
• Issues in Shared Schools in Mixed Aboriginal & Non-Aboriginal School Systems
  Canada's public schools are essential public goods resources. For children to benefit, parents cooperate in efforts to support and enhance their children's education.
• Issues in Social Studies: Voices from the Classroom
  This collection of essays, from Houston area educators, investigates and analyzes the state of social education, offering a critical and transformative perspective.
• Kenta, Kilts, and Kimonos: Exploring Cultures and Mathematics through Fabrics
  Describes uses of mathematics in fabric design to examine various cultural and mathematical concepts including patterns, geometric shapes, and spatial reasoning. (ASK).
• Kindergartens and Cultures: The Global Diffusion of an Idea
  This book is a study of the diffusion and transformation of the kindergarten around the turn of the twentieth century, concentrating most centrally on the power of local cultures to respond to and reformulate borrowed ideas.
• La Dicha de Los Libros--Children's Books in Spanish
  Reviews a collection of high-quality books in Spanish which can help encourage Spanish-speaking children and adolescents to read. From creative books for the very young to the lives of famous women, to fantasies and animated traditional tales, these recently published books are designed to appeal to Spanish speakers and those wishing to learn Spanish.
• Language Magazine: The Journal of Communication & Education, 2002
  These 12 issues of the journal include articles on such topics as the languages and literacy.
• Leadership Academies - Module 5, Assessment
  Conducting sound assessments is a necessary part of exemplary teaching. Assessments not only evaluate student learning, they serve to guide subsequent instruction.
• Learning and Teaching about Cultural Universals in Primary-Grade Social Studies
  Argues that topical units on cultural universals are well suited for introducing primary grade students to social studies, although the units need to be more powerful than those in leading textbooks. Notes a study supporting the feasibility of cultural universals units in first and second grade classrooms.
• Learning Communities, First Year Programs and Their Effectiveness: The Role of the IR Office. AIR 2002 Forum Paper
  Several learning communities and first-year programs have been developed at Bowling Green State University, a public doctoral-research intensive university in the midwest, over the last few years. Such programs include the Bowling Green Effect Mentoring Program, the Literacy Serve and Learn program, the Honors Program, the Center for Multicultural and Academic Initiatives, the President's Leadership Academy, UNIV 100 (a voluntary two credit hour course for first-year students), and the University Program for Academic Success.
• Learning Interdependence: A Case Study of the International/Intercultural Education of First-Year College Students
  This volume asserts that international and intercultural experiences are powerful vehicles for first-year college students to learn the perspectives and skills necessary to function interdependently in a rapidly changing and complex world. This thesis is developed through an in-depth case study of efforts to provide such learning opportunities in a project called the First-Year Intercultural Experience at Hartwick College, a 4-year liberal arts and sciences institution in Oneonta, New York.
• Learning Styles, Culture and Inclusive Instruction in the Multicultural Classroom: A Business and Management Perspective
  Examines the learning style profile exhibited by students in a multicultural class of international business management and how cultural conditioning is reflected in the learning style preferences of students. Explains the use of the Index of Learning Styles and discusses implications for the design of business management curriculum.
• Learning Together
  Describes a teaching assignment at a Department of Defense (DoD) high school in Puerto Rico with bilingual Latin students influenced by island cultures. Discusses classroom cultural awareness and the importance of understanding and appreciating students' backgrounds when cultural or ethnic differences exist in the science classroom.
• Less Talk, More Action for Multicultural Science
  The numbers indicate that science teachers are not reaching ethnic minority students as effectively as they could. The research literature is rife with recommendations for remediation.
• Literature Discussion in the Elementary School Classroom: Developing Cultural Understanding
  One effective instructional technique for promoting cultural awareness and understanding among elementary school students is literature discussion. Literature discussions help children explore multicultural ideas and issues, reading works of culturally relevant literature, then coming together to discuss their personal responses.
• Making Space: Merging Theory and Practice in Adult Education
  This book represents the beginning dialogue and critique of social, political, economic, and historical forms of hegemony operating in the adult education field. Twenty-three chapters are grouped into five sections.
• Math and Science Across Cultures: Activities and Investigations from the Exploratorium
  Throughout history, people of all cultures have used math and science in everyday life and contributed a wealth of ideas to these disciplines. However, math and science textbooks generally focus on the contributions of Western culture.
• Math on the Menu: Real-Life Problem Solving For Grades 3-5. Teacher's Guide
  There is plenty of "math on the menu" in the series of activities featured in this book. Students help the Rosada family start a Mexican restaurant featuring a variety of tostadas.
• Meeting the Needs of English Language Learners
  Presents key questions reflecting research in first/second language acquisition and whole language principles: is curriculum organized around "big" questions?; are students involved in authentic reading and writing?; are students given choices?; is content meaningful?; do students work collaboratively?; do students read, write, speak, and listen during learning?; are students' primary languages and cultures valued?; and do learning activities build self-esteem? (RS).
• Meeting the Special Needs of Dual Language Learners with Disabilities: Integrating Data Based Instruction and the Standards for Teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages
  This paper on meeting the needs of students with disabilities who are learning English as a second language suggests integrating principles from the Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) Standards and Data Based Instruction (DBI).
• MinneTESOL/WITESOL Journal, 2000-2001
  These two journal issues present articles on teaching design & practices, learning assessment, learning standards.
• Minority Representation in Special Education.
  Investigates the overrepresentation of minority students in special education in the U.S. Racial representation along with regional variations and state poverty rates; Correlation between racial representation and state poverty rates; Existence of regional variations in minority representation.
• Mismatch: historical perspectives on schools and students who don't fit them
  Discusses how the differences in school environment and education affect student learning. Argues that educators should focus on adapting the school better to the child, to avoid a mismatch in the standards movement addressing social inequalities that extend beyond the classroom.
• Mixed Media: A Roundup of CD-ROM and Electronic Products
  Highlights multicultural materials that are useful for teaching students of all ages (elementary through college level). These include such CD-ROM products as "The Ellis Island Experience" and "The Civil Rights Movement in the United States" and such World Wide Web-based products as "Diversify Your World," "American Slavery: A Complete Autobiography," and "International Index to Black Periodicals Full Text." (SM).
• Models and methods for examining standards-based reforms and accountability initiatives: Have the tools of inquiry answered pressing questions on improving schools?
  Presents a study that examined existing research on school reform and accountability. Meaning of standards-based reform and accountability; Distinction between academic and evaluation research; Implementation of standards-based reforms; Validity of standards-based assessments and accountability.
• Multicultural Education in the United States and Japan
  This paper compares multicultural education in U.S. and Japanese schools, analyzing multicultural education from the ethnic perspective.
• Multicultural Infusion in the Counselor Education Curriculum: A Preliminary Analysis
  Counselor educators agree on the necessity of preparing counselors in training to work in a diverse society. Traditional training programs have no special accommodations and are characterized by unawareness of the impact of cultural factors in counseling.
• Multicultural Is Who We Are: Literature as a Reflection of Ourselves
  This article discusses multicultural children's literature, the need for teachers to include multicultural children's literature in their teaching, how teachers can encourage pluralism, and evaluating and selecting multicultural literature titles. A selection of 17 multicultural books for use in the classroom is provided.
• Multicultural Issues in the Advertising Curriculum
  Argues that advertising students should understand ethnic markets. Finds that only 15% of surveyed advertising professors said their departments offer courses focused exclusively on multicultural issues, only 13% said students were required to take courses relevant to ethnic advertising outside of their department, and over half spent three hours or less on multicultural components in their general advertising courses.
• Multicultural Science: Who Benefits?
  Comments on three articles in this issue on universalists versus multiculturalists. Supports teaching culturally relevant science.
• Multicultural Strategies for Community Colleges: Expanding Faculty Diversity. ERIC Digest
  This digest explores the community college's mission to increase student attendance and performance by improving faculty diversity. Community colleges are filled with multicultural, diverse students who bring different knowledge and skills to educational institutions.
• Multicultural Training in Doctoral School Psychology Programs: In Search of the Model Program?
  The multicultural training (MCT) of APA-accredited School Psychology programs was studied. The sample included faculty and students from five programs nominated for strong MCT and five comparison programs randomly selected from the list of remaining APA-accredited programs.
• Multiculturalism and Music Re-attached to Music Education
  Suggests that the role of music and music education in supporting culture is very powerful. Focuses on students learning about music as opposed to performance.
• Multiculturalism and the Mission of Liberal Education
  This paper examines attempts at four prototypical undergraduate liberal arts colleges to build community based on liberal educational principles and values, and investigates liberal education's ability to meet the challenges of multiculturalism.
• Multiculutral Aspects of Mathematics Teacher Education Programmes
  Discusses the situations of seven teacher education centers in New Zealand. Assesses the influence of whether and how multicultural perspectives on mathematics teaching have been introduced into these programs.
• Multilingual Proficiency in Fiji Primary Schools
  Determined language proficiency among multilingual Indo-Fijian primary school children who have the languages, Fiji-Hindi, Standard Hindi, Urdu, English, Fijian, and Fijian English in their speech repertoire. Identifies the variables that affect multilingual proficiency in this group and determines whether classroom practice reflects educational policy.
• Multiracial Children and Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Brazil: Some Preliminary Observations
  This paper focuses on differences in Brazil and the United States in attitudes toward multiracial and multiethnic children and developmentally appropriate practice in education and child rearing. Child rearing in Brazil is characterized by a generally permissive approach with a high degree of patience, although parent-child relationships among the very poor are more direct and more punitive.
• NCIP Video Profiles
  NCIP has produced six video profiles that illustrate how students with disabilities utilize a range of assistive and instructional technologies to improve their learning. They are designed to be used at workshops, trainings and courses.
• On PreparingTeachers for the Future
  As American schools seek to accommodate an increasing range of students, teachers are challenged as never before. When students with disabilities, linguistic differences, or other unique abilities join general education classrooms, even willing teachers fear their lack of training and preparation to deal with such differences make their role as primary teacher inappropriate and inadequate.
• On-Line Multicultural Literature Discussions: How This Discourse Community Informs Teacher Educators
  This study investigated the effects of computer-based technologies on literature discussions between preservice teachers and eighth graders. Most participating preservice teachers were preparing to work with students in literacy development.
• One Size Still Does Not Fit All in Specific Learning Disability Assessment Across Ethnic Groups.
  The use of IQ scores and discrepancy formulas for identifying specific learning disabilities (SLD) has been widely discredited by prominent researchers for more than a decade. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of state policies still specify the use of discrepancy formulas, including the simple difference method, which is psychometrically inferior to regression-based methods.
• Photo Essays of American Indian Children
  Provides an annotated bibliography of photo essays about Native American children, including some examples from the indigenous populations of Latin America. Most have been written by "outsiders," and most are intended to show non-Native children about native cultures.
• Physical Activity of Children With and Without Mental Retardation in Inclusive Recess Settings
  The purpose of this study was to compare physical activity levels of children with and without mental retardation. Thirty-four children were assessed in an inclusive recess setting and monitored for heart rate, activity counts and observational activity levels.
• Picture Story Books that Teach Children about Appalachia: Problems, Perplexities, and Proposals (Part 3)
  Synthesizes research presented in two previous "Southern Social Studies Journal"articles that reviewed picture books about the topic of Appalachia. Discusses the problems that were encountered and offers nine proposals as solutions to these problems.
• Place-Based Curriculum and Instruction: Outdoor and Environmental Education Approaches. ERIC Digest
  This digest reviews place-based curriculum and instruction, especially as it relates to outdoor and environmental education, and provides examples of K-12 resources and programs. A brief review identifies the purposes of outdoor education, environmental education, and place-based education and the relationships among them, and points out overlapping concepts in the literature: community-oriented schooling, ecological education, bioregional education, ecoliteracy, ecological identity, and pedagogy of place.
• Preparing Chinese American Teachers: Implications for Multicultural Education
  This study explored 48 Chinese-American teachers' and preservice teachers' perceptions of the multicultural course requirement in their teacher preparation program. Respondents had participated in one of four multicultural seminars between fall 1998 and fall 1999.
• Preparing Classroom Teachers for Delivering Health Instruction. ERIC Digest
  This digest examines the preparation of classroom teachers in health, noting what teachers should know to effectively provide school health education. Most states and school districts require some health education.
• Preparing the Way for Student Cognitive Development
  Discusses challenges teachers face with the growing diversity in student populations, examining how teachers can help facilitate diverse students' cognitive development. Examines: stages of cognitive development, multiculturalism, helping students move from one developmental level to another, cultural socialization, field dependence and independence, the Toulmin Model for fostering student cognitive development, cognitive flexibility theory, and knowing students' skill levels.
• Preschoolers' Language during Use of Multiethnic Books in Daycare
  One of the purposes for providing children with multiethnic books is to promote acceptance of diversity, yet the results of this exposure have rarely been empirically studied. The purpose of this study was to explore the story-related topics of discussion initiated by eleven 4- and 5-year-olds as they used multiethnic books during small group adult-initiated readings and one-on-one child-initiated emergent readings in one daycare classroom.
• Presenting the Wounded Knee Massacre in Books for Children: A Review Essay on Neil Waldman's "Wounded Knee."
  Reviews a book on the 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee, suggesting that the author puts a white, European bias on the actual events, which encourages non-Indian young readers to think in limited ways about Indian people and keeps them from identifying with Indian people. (SM).
• Professional Development for University Scientists around Issues of Equity and Diversity: Investigating Dissent within Community
  Investigates the role of dissent in a community of university scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and social scientists engaged in a two-year professional development project on issues of equity and diversity. Focuses on professional development sessions devoted to a contentious yet integral topic in science education, the gendered and multicultural nature of science.
• Professional Development Leadership and the Diverse Learner. Issues in Science Education
  This book focuses on the professional development of teachers and discusses issues related to science education reform. The content of the book is divided into two parts.
• Professional development schools provide effective theory and practice
  A description of an innovative Professional Development School program initiated by a Midwestern university is described. Successful components of this model are explained.
• Profoundly Multicultural Questions
  Argues that multicultural education practices in most schools today have not adequately addressed the larger issues of social justice and equal access to educational resources. Discusses four profoundly multicultural questions educators must address: Who's taking calculus? Which classes meet in the basement? Who's teaching the children? How much are children worth? (Contains 25 references.) (PKP).
• Promoting Bilingualism in the Era of Unz: Making Sense of the Gap between Research, Policy, and Practice in Teacher Education
  Examined efforts to promote bilingualism in a course for prospective teachers, Education of Bilingual Children: Theory and Practice, focusing on how student teachers grappled with the complex relationship between research, policy, and practice within bilingual education. Analysis of five types of literacy events indicated that students experienced a process of transformation in developing more positive attitudes toward bilingualism.
• Promoting Multiculturalism in Developmental Education
  Asserts that the teaching profession needs to recognize the natural connections between multicultural and developmental education. Presents eight steps developmental educators can take to promote pluralism, including (1) establishing a clear link between cultural pluralism and institutional and programmatic mission and goals; (2) striving for diversity at all levels; and (3) embedding multiculturalism in the curriculum.
• Promoting Transition Goals and Self-Determination Through Student Self-Directed Learning: The Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction
  This article describes the field-test results of the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction, a model of teaching designed to enable teachers to teach students to set goals, take action on those goals, and adjust their goals and plans as needed. Nineteen students, most of whom had intellectual disabilities, participated in the field test.
• Reading "Whiteness" in English Studies
  Considers the role of the "white ground" in English studies at a critical period, the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the discipline, along with the rest of the academy and country, struggled mightily with issues of race. Describes the author's interest in constructing a narrative about the relationships between discourse and identity with students.
• Reading and the Native American Learner. Research Report
  Intended as a resource for mainstream teachers, this document summarizes current research on effective ways for teachers to meet the educational needs of American Indian students in public schools. The first section discusses the history of U.S.
• Recommended Books about Latinos for Children and Adolescents
  Reviews children's and adolescents' literature on the influence of Latinos in the United States, focusing on books in the following categories: the arts, fiction, literature, simple and interesting, and reference materials (encyclopedias and reference guides). (SM).
• Reggio Emilia: Catalyst for Change and Conversation. ERIC Digest
  International perspectives on the care and education of preschool children that seem to be of greatest interest in the United States are those directly linked to prevailing concerns in American early childhood education.
• Reliability, Validity, and Authenticity in American Indian and Alaska Native Research. ERIC Digest
  The constructs used to evaluate research quality--valid, objective, reliable, generalizable, randomized, accurate, authentic--are not value-free. They all require human judgment, which is affected inevitably by cultural norms and values.
• Report on the Binational Conference: In Search of a Border Pedagogy (4th, El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, January 1999).
  This report contains a synopsis of the binational conference and features brief summaries of all the papers presented at the conference. Over 350 educators, community leaders, and researchers were brought together to discuss the educational extremes found along the border between the United States and Mexico and to investigate instructional approaches that address the unique characteristics of this region.
• Restructuring the General Studies Program at a Public Urban University: Assessment, Evaluation, and Implementation. AIR 2000 Annual Forum Paper
  This study presents a process used to assess the general education component of the undergraduate curriculum, focusing particularly on the components of the methodology that provided the data used to suggesting changes in the program.
• Reviews
  Contains 130 reviews of works of interest to the multi-cultural educator or anyone interested in cultural awareness arranged under broad subject categories of humanities, biography, history, social sciences, reference, juvenile works, and nonprint materials. Includes fiction and nonfiction.
• Revolutionizing Multicultural Education Staff Development: Factor Structure of a Teacher Survey
  Investigated African American and white elementary teachers' beliefs about and knowledge of multicultural education and their interest in staff development, noting differences by race. Survey data indicated that teachers considered multicultural education beneficial to students, but they were not very motivated to participate in training sessions.
• Rival Views of Technology: Leadership Lessons for an Uncertain Future
  For more than 20 years, Arizona's Maricopa Community College district has aggressively invested in and experimented with technology to improve teaching, learning, and the management of college and district services.
• Schools in Estonia as Institutional Actors and as a Field of Socialisation
  This paper provides a theoretical overview of education as an institution and as a field of socialization. It analyzes the relationships among multicultural education, integration, and civic society.
• Secondary Transition of Multicultural Learners: Lessons from the Navajo Native American Experience
  This discussion of the impact of culture and cultural differences on school and work and the importance of enhancing multicultural awareness also reports on a study that evaluated the experience of 22 Navajo Native Americans high school graduates in transition. Findings stress the importance of students' significant relationships, limited educational and vocational perceptions, and connection to homeland and culture.
• Seeding Ethnomathematics with 'Oware': Sankofa
  Explains the game of Oware, an African board game that provides rich opportunities for all children to build and extend arithmetical ideas and number sense, develop strategic thinking, and explore important social behaviors. (Contains 22 references.) (ASK).
• Service-Learning and Multicultural/Multiethnic Perspectives: From Diversity to Equity
  The "missionary ideology" underlying much of the service- learning movement results from decisions to "do good things" for others. However, this movement sometimes ignores recipients' voices and what they, particularly communities of color, might have to offer.
• Service-Learning in Teacher Education: Enhancing the Growth of New Teachers, Their Students, and Communities
  This book provides teacher educators, administrators, practicing teachers who work with preservice teachers, policymakers, and researchers with information on the conceptual, research, and application areas of service-learning in preservice teacher education. The collection of papers offers teacher educators' thoughts about ways to enhance the usefulness of service-learning in preservice teacher preparation.
• Significance of Ethnomathematical Research: Towards International Cooperation with the Developing Countries
  Development assistance was started for the sake of reconstruction of Europe shattered by World War II, and turned its attention to north- south problems starting at the Development Decade by the United Nations in 1960. In spite of all the efforts the international community has made, the situation for poor countries seems to have worsened and many insurmountable problems still lie ahead.
• Sources and Information Regarding Effective Retention Strategies for Students of Color
  Reporting literature from the ERIC system, highlights issues and concerns regarding minority student retention and learning success within community colleges. Discusses factors contributing to declining retention rates and effective programming strategies designed to address continued participation of students of color.
• Special Education Programs for Youth with Disabilities in Juvenile Corrections.
  Special education services are available to youth with disabilities in many juvenile correctional facilities in the United States. However in recent years, parents and advocates have challenged the adequacy of services in many states.
• Special Education's Changing Identity: Paradoxes and Dilemmas in Views of Culture and Space.
  In this article, Alfredo Artiles identifies "paradoxes and dilemmas" faced by special education researchers and practitioners who are seeking to create socially just education systems in a democratic society that is currently marked by an increasing complexity of difference.
• Standards and Teacher Quality: Entering the New Millennium
  Discusses methods to improve teacher quality in the United States. Training in how to teach which includes development, instructional strategies for various types of learners, assessment and evaluation strategies; Research which has demonstrated that teachers who are fully licensed are more effective than those who are not; History of education and teacher quality assessment, including the creation of the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE).
• Standards for professional development schools
  This project involved field testing and revising the "Standards for Professional Development Schools" (PDSs) and developing an assessment process for their use. Eighteen PDS partnerships participated.
• Staying the Course in Times of Change: Preparing Teachers for Language Minority Education
  Describes how passage of Proposition 227, California's initiative restricting bilingual education, has influenced teacher preparation to authorize specialized instruction for limited English proficient students. The response to Proposition 227 by San Diego State University's College of Education is explored to illustrate the reaffirmation of a commitment to educational equity and ongoing program development to support multicultural teaching.
• Stories from the Edge: Doctors and Their Learning
  Biographical insights from general practitioners suggest that, for many, initial training was inadequate for work in marginalized, multicultural communities. A split between personal and academic ways of knowing evidences distrust of experiential and emotional learning, which are essential for effective medical practice.
• Supporting and Questioning Representation
  Takes up issues of representation, identity, and authenticity while sharing a list of Asian, Asian American, and Polynesian children's books. Encourages readers to use this list in constructing their multicultural classrooms while simultaneously reflecting on the issues complicating their own review processes.
• Taiwanese Preservice Teachers' Conceptions of Nature and the Nature of Science
  This study examined views of the human relationship with the natural world and understandings about the nature of science (NOS) held by preservice elementary teachers in the context of Taiwan. The participants included 54 third-year students enrolled in the departments of science education and mathematics education at a teacher college.
• Taking It Personally: Racism in the Classroom from Kindergarten to College. Teaching and Learning Social Justice Series
  This book chronicles two teachers and their own educational progress in antiracist education. When one, a female African American elementary school teacher, accepted an invitation from the other, a White college professor, to speak to her graduate preservice teacher education class (a required multicultural education course), an explosive classroom incident occurred.
• Teacher and Student Evaluations of Project-Based Instruction
  Provides an overview of project-based instruction from teachers' and students' perspectives from both adult and K-12 studies. Suggests that a framework should be developed to aid English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) teachers in assisting their multicultural students to understand the benefits of project-based instruction in second language (L2) settings.
• Teacher Learning
  Science now offers new conceptions of the learning process and the development of competent performance. This book presents a contemporary account of principles of learning, and calls into question concepts and practices commonly used in schools.
• Teacher retention, teacher effectiveness, and professional preparation: A comparison of professional developmnet school and non-professional development school graduates
  Compared Professional Development School (PDS) and non-PDS graduates regarding retention in teaching, teaching effectiveness, and perceptions of professional preparation. Surveys of beginning teachers and principals found no differences in teacher retention.
• Teacher Self-Evaluation of Renewal Efforts of Their Teaching Practices To Improve Student Achievement
  This study evaluated how teachers perceived their efforts to improve their teaching practices by participating in the Jacksonville Urban Educational Partnership (JUEP), a Professional Development School (PDS). The JUEP was designed to create sustained, high quality, professional development systems for inservice educators in three PDSs.
• Teachers Leading Teachers: Enhancing Multicultural Education through Field-based Partnerships
  Argues that partnerships between early childhood teacher preparation programs and public school teachers will strengthen the discourse on multicultural education and its institutionalization. Presents strategies for gaining a personal connection to multicultural education ideals, including developing cultural biographies, examining stereotypes and prejudices, examining the construction of a personal identity, and critically examining the media.
• Teachers' Responses to Policy Implementation: Interactions of New Accountability Policies and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Urban School Reform
  This paper explores how new accountability policies interact with culturally relevant teaching at the classroom level. When teachers are under the constraints of accountability and student testing policies, are they able to adopt and practice culturally relevant pedagogy in their classrooms? Previous research indicates that high-stakes accountability systems connected with standardized testing are viewed as having negative effects on teachers, the teaching profession, and curriculum and instruction.
• Teaching 4- to 8-Year-Olds: Literacy, Math, Multiculturalism, and Classroom Community
  The next decade will see a dramatic increase in public finding for programs serving young children. Prekindergarten and early elementary programs will received more scrutiny in line with a growing awareness that school success is heavily influenced by the skills and attitudes children have when they enter school and quality of initial school experiences.
• Teaching for Our Times: Focus on Learning, Volume Two
  The articles in this book were written by faculty and staff at Bunker Hill Community College (MA), each author addressing the issue of learning by incorporating their experiences as educational leaders. In this second volume of Teaching for Our Times, the focus is on what makes and shapes learning.
• Teaching Mathematics from a Multicultural Perspective
  Describes principles and instructional strategies for teaching mathematics to culturally diverse students, explaining: fundamental principles of multicultural mathematics; approaches to multicultural mathematics instruction (e.g., portrayal of cultural groups in instructional materials and historical roots of mathematics concepts); and instructional strategies for diverse students (e.g., high expectations, questioning, cooperative learning, and technology use). (SM).
• Teaching Other People's Ideas to Other People's Children: Integrating Messages from Education, Psychology, and Critical Pedagogy
  Educational endeavors are enriched by diverse forms of knowledge and experience, and, particularly in urban schools,by diverse children and teachers. An important educational task is teaching other people's ideas to other people's children.
• Teaching Sciences: The Multicultural Question Revisited
  Summarizes the case for a universalist approach to science education. Examines the weaknesses of universalism within the limits of human cognitive capabilities in constraining what we understand about nature, a description of reality as a flux, and the disunity of science and the role of culturally different forms and social organization of research shaping the cognitive content of the sciences.
• Teaching Social Studies Multiculturally: Implications for Teachers
  The changing demographics in U.S. institutions have contributed to the increasingly multicultural nature of classrooms.
• Teaching the Third Culture Child
  Examines experiences of a 5- and 7-year-old entering a U.S. early childhood program in context of child development theory, constructivist philosophy, and the Japanese social teaching model.
• Teaching towards Cultural Awareness and Intercultural Competence: From What through How to Why Culture Is?
  This article provides an account of some characteristics of the current situation of culture teaching in foreign language education. The focus is that existing approaches need to be revisited and redefined, because the superficiality characterizing the way culture is taught is not very helpful in raising learners' cultural awareness and developing their intercultural competence.
• Teaching with Picture Books in the Middle School
  Arguing that picture books have much to offer students in the upper grades (including middle school and even high school students), this book discusses using picture books to stimulate students' thinking in a variety of topic areas.
• Technical Assisstance, Dissemination,Parent information and State improvement
  Technical Assistance, Dissemination,Parent information and state improvement presents those projects categorized in the following three discretionary programs: Technical Assistance and Dissemination; Parent training and information; and State improvement.
• Technology and Teacher Preparation: Towards a Humanistic Framework
  This paper examines the place of technology in augmenting future teachers' conceptual awareness and professional skills, highlighting major assumptions about integrating technology into teacher preparation programs (e.g., students have some level of technological literacy prior to entering school, computers are basic necessities in today's schools, and technological literacy is a major skill that must be integrated in education).
• Testing the Waters: Facilitating Parents' Participation in Their Children's Education
  Parent participation in the schooling and education of children is an essential ingredient for achieving academic success. This paper, using a model proposed in 1995, reports on a pilot, hands-on study aimed at facilitating increased parent involvement in a multi-ethnic elementary school in California.
• The Academic Achievement of Minority Students: Perspectives, Practices, and Prescriptions
  This book presents a collection of papers by educators and researchers who discuss various methods of improving minority student achievement.
• The Acceptance of a Multicultural Education among Appalachian College Students
  Explored the multicultural predispositions of 437 students in a Central Appalachian university, discovering which sort of multicultural programs garner weaker and stronger support. Tested explanatory models incorporating a mix of 21 independent variables, some drawn from sociological, psychological, and political science studies of reactions to other multicultural programs.
• The Benefits of Dialogue Journals: What Prospective Teachers Say
  Investigated preservice teachers' perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks to using dialogue journals in a multicultural teacher education course. Students perceived many benefits related to facilitation of learning, self-reflection, self-understanding, procedural convenience, expression of ideas, feedback, and teacher student relationships.
• The Care and Education of Young Bilinguals: An Introduction for Professionals
  This book is a comprehensive introduction for all professionals working with bilingual children. For speech therapists, physicians, psychologists, counselors, teachers, special needs personnel, and many others, this book addresses the most important issues at a practical level.
• The Counselor's Guide to Ohio Independent Colleges and Universities, 2000.
  This guide contains information on Ohio's independent colleges and universities, including: (1) a map of the state's private schools; (2) quick facts about independent higher education in Ohio; (3) financial aid; (4) private college visitation days; and (5) college and university profiles. The profiles provide information on 1999-2000 enrollment, admission procedures, advanced credit opportunities, transfer credit policies, housing, Fall 1999 freshman profile, recommended high school curriculum, minority/multicultural programs, learning disabled students, athletics, financial aid, and majors.
• The Development of Course Content: Teaching Child Development from a Multicultural Perspective. Focus on African American Children
  This paper addresses the dominant view from which child development is currently taught, examining the impact of culture on the developing child and offering a rationale for shifting paradigms toward a more inclusive framework of instruction. The dominant framework presents child development from a middle class white, generally western, paradigm.
• The Dynamic Nature of Response: Children Reading and Responding to "Maniac Magee" and "The Friendship."
  Analyzes the conversations and writings of 2 ethnically diverse populations of fifth-grade children (ages 10 and 11) in response to the powerful and difficult themes contained in two award-winning children's books. Discusses the child's voice; the teacher's role as cultural mediator; responses at the literal level; reading between the lines; responding to moral dilemmas; and personal responses to the books.
• The Effects of Instructional Media and Ethnocultural Characteristics on Egalitarian and Utilitarian Learning: An Empirical Digest of Controlled Research Studies
  Many educational researchers have harnessed various technologies of instruction to improve the reliability of their egalitarian and utilitarian interventions. Their experiments with adolescents and adults yield important post-course effects, yet, little is known about the effects of instructional media with adolescent or adult multicultural subjects.
• The Enhanced Citizenship Curriculum for Schools in the Bradford District
  Describes efforts to improve Britain's QCA (Qualifications and Curriculum Authority) citizenship curriculum to reflect anti-racism issues, highlighting the Enhanced Citizenship Curriculum for schools in the Bradford District. Presents principles underpinning this effort and looks at six major changes to make the National Curriculum for Citizenship more relevant to Bradford schools.
• The European School Model Part I
  Describes the important aspects of the European Schools (ES) educational system, suggesting that its curriculum, which was designed for a multicultural and multilingual student body, has a great deal to offer internationally minded schools (both national and international). Discusses the benefits of the ES educational system from organizational, pedagogical, and social points of view.
• The European School Model Part II
  Argues that in the European School (ES) program, younger students should learn in their own language, as opposed to in English, which is widely practiced at international schools. Suggests specific language learning according to ES' four stages: (1) nursery school; (2) primary school; (3) middle school; and (4) upper school.
• The Evolving Theme of Teaching Multicultural Art Education. Monograph Series
  This publication, sponsored by the U.S. Society of Education through Art (USSEA) as a forum of past presidents involving audience participation, aims to stimulate dialogue on the evolving theme of teaching multicultural issues and what affects student learning.
• The Global Student
  States that there is increased demand from employers for graduates to have greater international knowledge. Reports that the California Community College's Chancellor's Office is currently underwriting the Global Education Network (GEN), a group of initiatives to include intercultural perspectives into the community college curricula.
• The Inclusive school
  This book is a collection of stories by illustrated by teachers and principals. Each of their stories illustrates the delicate balancing act they perform by remaining committed to public education, inspite of policies that are not in the best interest of children.
• The Intersection of Two Unlikely Worlds: Ratios and Drums
  Describes an activity in which students learn to play three mathematically disparate rhythms on conga drums as an introduction to exploring ratios. (Contains 16 references.) (ASK).
• The Many Faces of Team Teaching and Learning: An Overview
  Defines team teaching, a growing trend. Presents a typology of types differing in purpose: interdisciplinary/multicultural education, collaborate learning, community action, action learning, specialized delivery, professional development, research, and writing.
• The Multicultural Mission of Developmental Education: A Starting Point
  Asks a number of questions concerning the delivery of multicultural education, including, "How do we define multiculturalism?" and, "Whose responsibility is it to provide equity in higher education?" Articulates 10 guiding principles for achieving equity in institutions of higher learning, and offers a brief discussion of these principles. (Contains 11 references.) (NB).
• The Multicultural Science Framework: Research on Innovative Two-Way Immersion Science Classrooms
  Reviews the different approaches to multicultural science teaching that have emerged in the past decade, focusing on the Spanish-English two-way immersion classroom, which meets the needs of Spanish speakers learning English and introduces students to the idea of collaboration across languages and cultures. Two urban two-way immersion classrooms in Texas and New York are described.
• The Need for Interracial Storybooks in Effective Multicultural Classrooms
  Discusses the importance of including interracial storybooks in today's diverse classrooms, explaining the benefits of using such literature (e.g., building a sound personal identity for children with mixed ancestors, promoting knowledge and skills for a global society, and developing an appreciation for diversity). Reviews eight books with stories about interracial families for elementary school students.
• The next generation of teachers: Changing conceptions of a career in teaching
  Based on information from interviews with 50 first and second-year teachers in Massachusetts, proposes a mixed model for the teaching career: one that would be responsive to the needs of both teachers who envision long-term careers and those who envision short-term stays in teaching. Draws implications for teacher recruitment and retention strategies.
• The Normal School and Some of Its Abnormalities: Community Influences on Anti-Racist Multicultural Education Developments
  Identifies external communities of interest, among other factors, affecting secondary-level anti-racist multicultural education, analyzing schools' representations of their cultural characteristics to different communities of interest for different purposes. Concludes that schools must adopt more principled, explicit, organizational learning strategies in order to gain support for anti-racist multicultural education school improvements from their communities of interest.
• The Pearl in the Shell: Author's Notes in Multicultural Children's Literature
  Notes that an increasing number of contemporary multicultural children's books aid readers' text comprehension with an author's note, foreword, or afterword. Describes ways teachers can use these author's notes, and ways to make the most of this author information.
• The Preliterate Student: A Framework for Developing an Effective Instructional Program. ERIC/AE Digest
  A special subgroup of Limited English Speaking students is often referred to as students with limited formal schooling (LFS) or "preliterates" because they have not yet had the opportunity to learn to read. This digest explores important aspects of the LFS student population, defining LFS students and discussing their impact on schools, individualized language development plans, classroom instruction, and the assessment of the LFS student.
• The Primary Program: Growing and Learning in the Heartland. Second Edition
  This primary education curriculum guide was developed jointly by the Iowa and Nebraska Departments of Education to provide educators with a coherent framework to guide local planning for reform of educational programs for children at the kindergarten and primary level.
• The Rise and Fall of Diversity Training
  The effectiveness of diversity training in eliminating racial stereotypes in the workplace and modifying employees' negative attitudes toward diversity was examined in a study conducted at a private nonprofit college in the San Francisco Bay area.
• The Role and Responsibilities of Teaching Assistants in Inclusive Education: What's Appropriate?
  This study describes a social validation of appropriate roles and responsibilities for teaching assistants (TAs) in inclusive classrooms. A self-report survey was rated by a sample of general education teachers, special education teachers, and TAs employed in urban and rural inclusive programs.
• The Role of Adult Literacy & Numeracy in Lifelong Learning and Socio-Economic Well-Being: ALNARC National Research Program, June 2001-June 2002. Feature
  An Adult Literacy and Numeracy Australian Research Consortium (ALNARC) program comprised four projects designed to integrate new research with analysis of past practices and provision. Preliminary themes were the perception of a "policy void" in regard to literacy and numeracy skills; professional development's tie to workplace practice and understanding of and compliance with reporting mechanisms; and problems when literacy and numeracy are collapsed as one.
• The Theoretical Foundations of Professional Development in Special Education: Is Sociocultural Theory Enough?
  This article reviews sociocultural, multicultural, and critical pedagogical theories and suggests that an adequate and sufficient theoretical framework for professional development in special education must explicitly and directly address issues of power, discrimination, and relative status that underlie dilemmas of practice. It offers vignettes of such dilemmas, with reference to the 1998 Council for Exceptional Children's professional standards.
• Thematic Literature and Curriculum for English Language Learners in Early Childhood Education. ERIC Digest
  The incorporation of age- and language-appropriate thematic literature into the early childhood curriculum can stimulate content-based academic learning for English language learners (ELLs). This systematic approach is particularly beneficial to young ELLs ages 3 through 8, because it provides background knowledge and cultural information along with opportunities to hear, speak, and interact with carefully crafted language in thematic and story contexts.
• Theory and Research on Stereotypes and Perceptual Bias: A Didactic Resource for Multicultural Counseling Trainers
  Theories and selected research on stereotyping and cognitive automaticity are presented as a resource base for multicultural counselor educators. Three multicultural competencies are identified: (1) personal beliefs/attitudes; (2) cultural knowledge; and (3) multicultural skills.
• This Issue: already Reading (Children, Texts, and Contexts)
  This theme issue examines various definitions and practices in reading education; highlighting children, their teachers, and the texts and contexts that shape reading. The articles examine the sociopolitical terrain shaping classroom practices, the inclusion of multicultural texts, classroom reading contexts and how they are shaped by social policies, and the construction of reading outside of school settings.
• Transformative Teaching for Multicultural Classrooms: Designing Curriculum and Classroom Strategies for Master's Level Teacher Education
  Teacher educators have done relatively little to develop multicultural curricula specific to continuing professional education of inservice teachers. Presents one professor's approach to educating for cultural diversity in a master's level course, "Cultural Issues in Classrooms and Curricula," describing experiences that participants had during the class, explaining the instructional framework, and discussing six teachers' approaches to educational diversity.
• Trends and Issues in English Instruction, 2000--Six Summaries. Summaries of Informal Annual Discussions of the Commissions of the National Council of Teachers of English
  This 17th annual report presents information on current trends and issues informally discussed by the directors of six National Council of Teachers of English commissions. Commission on Composition (Richard Gebhardt, director) discussed the role of writing in literacy; interactions of race, class, language, and learning; teaching grammar; large-scale writing assessment; computers and writing instruction; limited preparation to teach writing; excessive teacher workload; writing across the curriculum; and dual-credit courses.
• Trends in the Scholarship on Teachers of Color for Diverse Populations: Implications for Multicultural Education
  Reviews patterns from literature on teachers of color and teacher preparation, including: recruitment and retention; role models; assessment; alternative programs for particular populations; and perceptions of programs and teaching. Analyzes 90 records that appeared when combining the descriptors multicultural education and teachers of color.
• Using Student-Generated Film To Create a Culturally Relevant Community
  Encourages modification of teaching strategies to facilitate academic achievement among students from diverse groups. Describes how the author collaborated with professionals from the Folger Library's Teaching Shakespeare Institute to develop a better way to teach Shakespeare to her predominantly African-American students.
• Using the New Racial Categories in the 2000 Census: A KIDS COUNT/PRB Report on Census 2000
  This report addresses issues that data users will face in using, interpreting, and presenting new data on race from the 2000 census, which allowed multiple racial responses. Changing how the census collects data on race is not new.
• Welcoming the Culture of Computing into the K-12 Classroom: Technological Fluency and Lessons Learned from Second Language Acquisition and Cross Cultural Studies
  Discusses the integration of innovative technologies into the K-12 curriculum and its impact on instructional programs for linguistically and culturally diverse students. Describes the debate over whether the culture of computing is inclusive or exclusive, examining: educational technology standards; information technology and fluency; speech registers; postulating registers of information technology fluency; and the role of automaticity in developing fluency.
• What Every Special Educator must know: Ethics ,Standards and Guidelines for Special Educators
  This is a collaborative product of the members of CEC and others in the wider educational community. The standards and principles represent the expertise and ideas of literally thousands of special educators.
• What Is Good Multicultural Children's Literature and How Do We Critique It? Distinguishing between Image and Value
  Multicultural literature is one good way to raise children's awareness of diversity, but how does one decide what constitutes "good" multicultural children's literature? Most any book can be critiqued from numerous perspectives: first and foremost is the book's literary quality--plot, character development, setting, themes, and style; of secondary importance is the author's and/or illustrator's handling of a particular social issue, such as gender or cultural depictions of the characters.
• What Makes Professional Development Effective? Results From a National Sample of Teachers
  This study uses a national probability sample of 1,027 mathematics and science teachers to provide the first large-scale empirical comparison of effects of different characteristics of professional development on teachers' learning.
• When theory hits reality: Standards-based reform in urban districts.
  This book presents a review of findings from a study of the Pew Charitable Trusts' four-year grants to seven urban school districts to support standards-based reform.
• Where in the Oregon Trail Is Carmen Sandiego? A Commentary on Software and Its Sensitivity to Diversity
  Addresses cultural biases, language biases, cultural sensitivity, and the authenticity of educational software for children, critiquing several popular educational programs and revealing the pitfalls of software design and the problem among software engineers (lack of training and lack of cultural knowledge). Proposes tips to help parents and educators choose culturally relevant, appropriate educational software packages for their children.
• White Mothers of Non-White Children
  Results of nine qualitative interviews with White (Pakeha) mothers of non-White children in New Zealand are provided, as are excerpts from personal narratives of biracial persons. J.
• White Teachers at the Crossroads
  Two multicultural educators discuss how white teachers can help dismantle a legacy of racial domination and injustice. One describes the role for white teachers in multicultural education and their need to address issues of white privilege.
• Why Language Learning Matters
  Most education systems prepare their students to function in the national language and at least one additional language. However, only one-third of U.S.
• Writing through Modeling: Using Various Scholarship Enhancement Programs and Activities To Build Writing Interest and Skill
  This paper focuses on the efforts at Gardner-Webb University in North Carolina to extend the writing efforts of a writing across the curriculum (WAC) retreat into a greater matrix of scholarly activity, not only in the classroom but outside as well.