NIUSI

part of the Education Reform Networks

Group Identity

• "Critical Perspectives on Project Head Start: Revisioning the Hope and Challenge," edited by Jeanne Ellsworth and Lynda Ames. Book Review
  Describes Ellsworth and Ames' edited book as an eclectic collection including historical, ethnographic, autobiographical, empirical, and self-reflective texts. Maintains that although the book is an important contribution to the literature by placing current practices into historical and social context, thereby leading to a more critical view of the revered program, the work omits an economic view.
• "I Want My Teachers To Like Me": Multiculturalism and School Dropout Rates among Mexican Americans
  Investigated Mexican American high school students' perceptions of multiculturalism, noting whether perceptions affected academic achievement, intention to graduate, and postsecondary educational aspirations. Surveyed, interviewed, and observed students and staff at schools with low and high Hispanic dropout rates.
• "Passing Through" a Western-Democratic Teacher Education: The Case of Israeli Arab Teachers
  Data from Jewish and Arab Israeli students and teachers illustrate how Arabs, educated in the Arab cultural context, "pass through" a western-oriented teacher education program, then return to teach in their own culture. Changes in Arab student teachers' beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge applications are traced as they make sense of knowledge presented in the program and construct bodies of knowledge along the path toward teaching in Arab communities.
• "White Privilege": Discrimination and Miscommunication--How It Affects/Effects Underrepresented Minority [Groups] on College Campuses
  Thirty years after the enactment of civil rights legislation, the meaning of race has become a problem in the United States, largely because the legacy of centuries of white supremacy lives on. Monolithic white supremacy is over, but in a more concealed way, white power and privilege linger.
• A Call for Change in Multicultural Training at Graduate Schools of Education: Educating To End Oppression and for Social Justice
  Graduate-level multicultural training is important for preparing future teachers to work effectively with diverse students. Professionals experienced in multiculturalism must revise and refine multicultural training to better address immigrants' diversity issues and issues around sexuality, disability, and spirituality.
• A Comparison of Family Environment Characteristics among White (Non-Hispanic), Hispanic, and African Caribbean Groups
  To investigate differences in the family environments of different cultural groups, the Family Environment Scale and a clinical interview were administered to 153 college students from White (non-Hispanic), Hispanic, and African Caribbean backgrounds. A multivariate analysis of covariance and post hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between the groups on the Expressiveness, Independence, and Moral-Religious Emphasis subscales.
• A Licensed Professional Counselor's Professional and Personal Insights and Changes Resulting from a University Course on Cultural Diversity
  A personal account is given about counseling people of color in light of the fact that training and information about multicultural counseling was not part of counselor education programs 20 years ago. Recent attendance at a graduate level course on cultural diversity prompted this counselor to consider many issues.
• A Lingering Miseducation: Confronting the Legacy of "Little Tree."
  The popular book, "The Education of Little Tree," written by a Ku Klux Klansman, perpetuates popular stereotypes about American Indians and advances the author's ideology about segregation and staunch individualism. This type of fraud is especially damaging to children, both White and Indian, who internalize such stereotypes as more authentic than the realities of living American Indians.
• A Nation of Minorities?
  Describes the new demographic transition the United States is currently undergoing; that it is becoming a multicultural society which may someday have no ethnic majority. Stresses the point that the main question is not what the demographics of future America will be, but how the different ethnic groups will relate to one another.
• A Preliminary Analysis of Counseling Students' Attitudes toward Counseling Women and Women of Color: Implication for Cultural Competency Training
  Counseling students (N=56) responded to peer-generated presentations on counseling women and counseling women of color. Qualitative methodology was used to identify students' racial, ethnic, and gender attitudes in counseling contexts.
• A Qualitative Study of College Social Adjustment of Black Students from Lower Socioeconomic Communities
  Uses elements of the Ecological Model as a framework for examining the methods by which students develop social relationships and determining whether these relationships support college retention. An oral composite was constructed from the comments of Black commuter students from lower socioeconomic communities.
• A Real Challenge: Teaching Latino Culture to White Students
  Cultural studies courses offered to undergraduate students of foreign languages tend to rely on canonical works that avoid sociopolitical perspectives and present the culture of the "Other" within the dominant world view. There is an urgent need to move from these traditional curricula to more engaging programs that capture the challenging postmodern articulations between language, culture, and social narratives.
• A Successful Program for Struggling Readers
  Notes that a "staggering number" of struggling readers in the United States are African American children and other students of color. Outlines characteristics of successful schools for struggling readers, and details effective teaching techniques.
• Academic Achievement, Race, and Reform: Six Essays on Understanding Assessment Policy, Standardized Achievement Tests, and Anti-Racist Alternatives
  This set of six essays was written as a resource for those working in their schools and communities to promote social justice, combat racism, and encourage quality education for all youth.
• Acculturation of Vietnamese Students Living in or Away from Vietnamese Communities
  A t-test comparison of the acculturation levels of Vietnamese students living in or away from Vietnamese communities found higher overall acculturation for the former than for the latter group and no difference in the Value dimension of acculturation. Age and length of residency in the United States predicted acculturation.
• African American Acculturation and Black Racial Identity: A Preliminary Investigation
  Examines the relationship between acculturation and racial identity among African Americans. One hundred eighty-seven African American students completed the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale and the African American Acculturation Scale (AAAS).
• African American and White Adolescents' Strategies for Managing Cultural Diversity in Predominantly White High Schools
  Examined 3 strategies used by 77 African American and 138 White high school students to manage cultural diversity: multicultural, separation, and assimilation strategies. Discusses results in relation to forces supporting adolescents' strategy development and the implications of strategy use for adjustment in predominantly white schools.
• African American Females' Voices in the Classroom: Young Sisters Making Connections through Literature
  Examines the reading experiences of six African-American middle school girls. Finds that their book selection processes were different than those proposed by the professional multicultural education literature; they found affirmations, support, solutions, and decision-making skills in their reading; and that what mattered were the connections the girls were making to those characters.
• African American Giftedness: Our Nation's Deferred Dream
  Addresses issues that have perpetuated the underrepresentation of African Americans in gifted and talented programs, which include: inadequate definitions, standardized testing, nomination procedures, learning style preferences, family and peer influences, screening and identification, and gifted underachievers. Concludes by discussing alternative theories of giftedness and the implementation of multicultural education in teacher education programs.
• American Educational History Journal, 2001
  This 2001 annual publication contains 31 articles on topics germane to the history of education. Each year, this journal publishes papers presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest History of Education Society.
• Assessing Business and Marketing Teachers' Attitudes toward Cultural Pluralism and Diversity
  The Pluralism and Diversity Attitude Assessment was used to assess business and marketing teachers' attitudes toward issues related to multicultural education (315 of 1,400 responded). Although they had positive attitudes about the issues, they were resistant toward implementation of cultural pluralism and diversity.
• Beyond Affirmative Action: Reframing the Context of Higher Education
  Based on extensive interviews with Latino and Latina students and faculty, this book introduces a theory of "multicontextuality" that proposes that many people learn better when teachers emphasize whole systems of knowledge and that education can create its greatest successes by offering and accepting many approaches to teaching and learning.
• Beyond Fairy Godmothers and Glass Slippers: A Look at Multicultural Variants of Cinderella
  This annotated bibliography presents a collection of multicultural Cinderella variants, all of which allow children to experience the culture within an easily identifiable framework. Variants include African/African American/American South, Asian, Jewish, Latino/Latin American/Caribbean, Middle Eastern, Native American, and other European American.
• Beyond islands of excellence: What districts can do to improve instruction and achievement in all schools.
  Outlines lessons from five districts that were selected based on their ability to exhibit at least three years of improvement in student achievement in mathematics and/or reading across multiple grades and across all races and ethnicities.
• Black English in a Place Called Waterloo
  For many black students, the school language differs significantly from the home language, but preservice education rarely examines this issue. This article examines implications for teaching children who use two different forms of language to navigate the demands of their contrasting sociolinguistic speech communities, discussing: how teacher attitudes and knowledge affect practice; dual language demands; ebonics; and language as power.
• Black Teachers and the Struggle against Apartheid: Oral Histories from South Africa
  Presents the oral histories of three black educators who resisted apartheid and helped raise students' self-esteem despite the demeaning Bantu Education curriculum, experiencing multiple failures and successes in the era between the 1976 Soweto uprising and the end of apartheid in the early 1990s. All three resisted calls for "liberation before education" and fought to provide skills and self-esteem students would need to challenge injustice.
• Book Browse: A Creative Approach to Meaningful Language Learning
  Describes one elementary teacher's use of the Book Browse literacy activity, which allows Spanish-speaking students to examine books informally in pairs or small groups. Book Browse provides a highly social situation where multiple conversations can occur among these children who need exposure to expressive language as they develop skills in both Spanish and English.
• Breaking Down the Walls: Camp/School Program Brings Diverse Communities Together
  The Discovery Center (Ashford, Connecticut) is a camp/university/school program that provides a positive diversity experience to preadolescents through experiential education in an outdoor, residential setting. Students from at least four cultural groups are mixed for all cabin and lab groups, and all camp activities are retooled to pursue the goal of comprehensive diversity education.
• Bridging Cultures between Home and School: A Guide for Teachers--With a Special Focus on Immigrant Latino Families
  This book focuses on how to meet the challenges of education in a pluralistic society, presenting the Bridging Cultures framework, which is designed for understanding differences and conflicts that arise in situations where school culture is more individualistic than the home value system. Six sections examine: (1) "The Bridging Cultures Framework" (e.g., what culture is, the dynamic nature of culture, individualism and collectivism, and strands of multicultural education); (2) "Parent Involvement: Recommended but Not Always Successful" (e.g., minority parent involvement, parent-school partnerships, and finding common ground); (3) "The Cross-Cultural Parent-Teacher Conference" (e.g., the tradition of parent-teacher conferences, using cultural knowledge to enhance communication, and improving parent-teacher conferences); (4) "Learning What Works" (e.g., understanding parents' points of view, evaluating the messages schools send, and developing closer personal relationships with families); (5) "Teachers as Researchers" (e.g., action research, inquiry and reflection, and ethnographic inquiry); and (6) "Conclusion: The Challenge of Coming Together" (e.g., the need for cultural knowledge, how Bridging Cultures fits into the big picture of school reform, and what is to be gained).
• Brothers of the Academy: Up and Coming Black Scholars Earning Our Way in Higher Education
  This book offers 26 papers by black male scholars that examine the experience of being a black man in the academy and demonstrate what black men have contributed to the scholarly enterprise.
• Building a New Life: The Role of the School in Supporting Refugee Children
  Investigated refugee children's experiences adjusting to life in England. Interviews and surveys involving refugee and non-refugee children ranging from early to mid-adolescence provided data on: children, war, and persecution; flight to safety; early days in Britain; starting school; the importance of English; coping with the past; and providing support for parents.
• Career as Story: An Introduction to the Haldane Idiographic Method of Career Assessment for Multicultural Populations
  In order to take into consideration the unique experiences, background and language differences inherent among multicultural populations for the purposes of career assessment, the process must allow for the counselee to construct their own story.
• Celebrating Bidialectalism: Reconceptualizing the Role of Language and Culture in the Acquisition of Literacy and Literary Skills among African American and Other Ethnically Diverse Students
  This paper addresses the issue of how to make school matter to historically disenfranchised, inner city African American youth, as well as youth from other struggling ethnic minority groups. It asserts that one way to do this is to reconceptualize approaches to the acquisition of literacy and literacy skills in teaching, engaging, and motivating African American and other ethnic minority students.
• Celebrating Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Head Start
  Noting that the dramatic demographic changes in the United States in the last 30 years require that Head Start programs learn how to access new populations, encourage their participation, and tailor programs to meet their unique needs, this study was commissioned to better understand the diversity in language and culture of the Head Start population.
• Changing Selves: Multicultural Education and the Challenge of New Identities
  After introducing identity and discussing how it has been used in multicultural education, the paper notes general challenges to this paradigm and uses data from an ethnographic study of a multiracial South African high school to critique multicultural education's treatment of identity, suggesting alternate theoretical paradigms, research strategies, and pedagogical practices. (SM).
• Charting the Development of Multi-Ethnic Britain
  Provides a broad history of the contribution of people of Asian origin, particularly Indian origin, to the development of the United Kingdom, discussing the racial bias they have historically faced in the country's educational, social, and employment systems. A timeline of the Indian presence in Great Britain from 1688-1999 is presented.
• Children's and Young Adult Literature by Latino Writers: A Guide for Librarians, Teachers, Parents, and Students
  This guide is designed to help librarians, teachers, parents, and students learn and teach about Latinos and find appropriate reading materials by Latinos. The titles in the guide are in print and available for purchase as of the printing of this book.
• Communities and Regions in Germany, Social Studies Grades 3-4. Update 2002
  This instructional package is targeted at students in grades 3 and 4. The package, presented to students as a travelogue, stresses basic map, globe, and geography skills, and presents case studies of communities (cities/towns/villages) across Germany.
• Community Leadership in a Pluralistic Society
  Describes the characteristics of effective leadership and leaders, observing that good leadership entails the judicious balancing of stability and change, the incorporation of diverse opinions including those of subordinate as well as dominant individuals and groups, and the ability to learn from school discord and failure. Asserts that good leaders are people who live in, between, and beyond their indigenous groups.
• Contesting Ideology in Children's Book Reviewing
  A study of attitudes about reviews of children's books found that librarians and teachers wanted stereotypes pointed out because children should have accurate information about other cultures. However, a book reviewer's experience suggests that editors may reject reviewers' objections and advocate for authors' freedom of speech, even when offensive or harmful to children.
• Counseling Multiracial/Multiethnic Children
  There are two central issues that must be addressed when counseling multiracial and multiethnic children in the United States. The first is that, although the United States is fixated on race, only single-race group membership is recognized.
• Country Roads, Hollers, Coal Towns, and Much More: A Teacher's Guide To Teaching about Appalachia
  Describes the geographic and economic aspects of Appalachia. Asserts that Appalachia is an appropriate topic within multicultural education.
• Creating Community: A Roundtable on Canadian Aboriginal Literature
  This book contains 13 essays on Canadian Aboriginal literature. Topics include literary criticism, pedagogical issues, and the experiences of Native authors and of faculty teaching Aboriginal literature in mainstream institutions.
• Creating the will; Hispanics achieving educational excellence: A report to the President of the United States, the Secretary of Education and the nation
  This report provides data on the current educational condition of Hispanics from early childhood through graduate and professional education. It also offers strategies for multiple sectors, parents, schools, communities, the private sector, and the government, to improve Hispanic educational achievement.
• Creating World Peace, One Classroom at a Time
  Recounts activities from a kindergarten classroom to illustrate how a multicultural approach cultivates a school environment embracing diversity and educating students about responsibilities associated with freedom. Stories include those related to students viewing each other in terms of individual characteristics rather than their ethnic group, creating a mind map for Earth Day, and cooperating with older students to write class letters against child labor.
• Cree Decision Making Concerning Language: A Case Study
  Describes the complex context of language choice in schools in Cree communities on the east coast of James bay in Quebec before Cree was used as the language of instruction. Four important threads of concern were identified: locus of control, economies of scale, community visions of language and education, and the role of literacies.
• Cultural Diversity: Practising What We Preach in Higher Education
  Argues for the need to put into practice policies of multicultural education using case studies of three individuals from three different cultural backgrounds. These individuals used their own cultural diversity as a model of successful intercultural teamwork in planning and implementing a multicultural education course for undergraduate teacher education students at the University of Canberra (Australia).
• Cultural Knowledge in African American Children
  Fifty-eight African American children (grades 4-6) responded to the Test of Core Knowledge, a divergent task that required free associations about mainstream and African American topics. Participants' knowledge of both mainstream and African American cultural items increased significantly between grades 4 and 5.
• Cultural Voices
  Presents brief descriptions of 39 children's books (most of them published in 2000) that enlighten readers about new worlds by introducing countries, cultures, and people. Highlights books that present voices from the past, voices honoring heritage, the search for a voice, voices for freedom, voices of the community, and voices of wisdom.
• Curriculum Development for Multicultural and Multilingual Students
  Addressed the need to train teachers to work with culturally/linguistically diverse students, using a classroom case and online feedback from the case teacher and building a database of adapted lessons. Although cases were useful in promoting application of knowledge and skills, feedback and opportunity for reflection were essential.
• Dating Violence among Chinese American and White Students: A Sociocultural Context
  A survey of 289 Chinese American and 138 White college students examined perceptions of and experiences with dating violence, gender role beliefs, and the influence of gender role beliefs on definitions and contextual justifications of dating violence. The sociocultural context of dating violence and implications for social work practice are discussed.
• Deconstructing Whiteness as Part of a Multicultural Educational Framework: From Theory to Practice
  Based on emerging theoretical work on White racial identity, argues that a central problem of multicultural education involves challenging the universalization of Whiteness. Proposes a theoretical framework to advance a multicultural perspective in which the exploration and deconstruction of Whiteness is key.
• Desegregation in a Diverse and Competitive Environment: Admissions at Lowell High School
  To comply with the district desegregation plan, the San Francisco Unified School District previously required higher scores for Chinese American applicants to its academic magnet high school than for more underrepresented groups. Examines the admissions debate, suggesting that exclusion of Asian and Latino concerns in district policymaking led to a lawsuit by several Chinese parents.
• Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence through the Use of Portfolios
  This paper investigates the ability of portfolios to stimulate the acquisition of multicultural counseling competence within counselors-in-training. It also compares the efficacy of portfolios to case formulation, another method of competence development.
• Dismantling White Privilege: Pedagogy, Politics, and Whiteness. Counterpoints: Studies in the Postmodern Theory of Education, Vol. 73
  Challenging the assumption that the study of race focuses only on "people of color," many scholars are investigating the historical and social construction of "Whiteness." This book critically interrogates whiteness across contexts; contends that "marking" Whiteness--illuminating veiled cultural assumptions of Whiteness as the norm--is an important step toward social justice; and links analyses of Whiteness to the discourse of critical pedagogy. Topics include critical analysis of whiteness as part of multicultural education, invisible white hegemony in distance education and instructional technologies, experiences of a Mexican American poet in graduate school, studying blues music to raise student awareness of cultural images, professional identity formation among White women teachers in northern aboriginal schools, and consciousness raising strategies in the classroom.
• Disproportionate Representation in Special Education: A Synthesis and Recommendations.
  Summarizes historical perspectives and existing knowledge about disproportionate representation of minority students in special education. Definitions and extent of disproportionate representation; Responses to disproportionate representation; Changes in disproportionality and minority student outcomes.
• Diversity and International
  This document contains the following papers on diversity and international issues in technology and teacher education.
• Diversity and International. [SITE 2001 Section]
  This document contains the papers on diversity and international issues from the SITE (Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education) 2001 conference.
• Diversity Initiatives in Higher Education: Intergroup Dialogue Program Student Outcomes and Implications for Campus Radical Climate. A Case Study
  Explored the cognitive and affective outcomes of participating in the University of Maryland's Intergroup Dialogue Program to promote social justice among diverse students. Post-program interviews indicated that many students had changed perceptions of self and society after the program.
• Diversity Training. Myths and Realities No. 13
  Certain myths cause some people to fear or resist diversity training; other myths overstate its outcomes and effectiveness. Many workers--white males in particular--fear that in the rush for a more diverse workplace, they will lose out.
• Diversity/Equity. [SITE 2002 Section]
  This document contains the following papers on diversity/equity from the SITE (Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education) 2002 conference.
• Does Diversity Make a Difference? Three Research Studies on Diversity in College Classrooms
  This report contains three studies on diversity in college classrooms. Following a review of the historical background in the introduction, Part 1, "University Faculty Views about the Value of Diversity on Campus and in the Classroom," offers a discussion of various diversity issues, such as institutional and departmental values; effects on classrooms, research, and teaching; negative effects; student benefits; responses of faculty; and comparisons of male and female responses.
• Early Positive Predictors of Later Reading Comprehension for African American Students: A Preliminary Investigation
  A longitudinal study examined the performance of 50 African American children (ages 4-6) from low- and middle- income homes on a reading comprehension test. Preliminary results indicate two measures predicted later reading comprehension for children from low income homes, use of complex syntax and shape matching.
• Educators of Asian Bilingual Students: Pedagogical Techniques, Strategies and Challenges
  Explored the challenges and teaching strategies of 133 Asian bilingual educators using a detailed questionnaire developed specifically for the purposes of the investigation. Participants were asked to rate how important specific practices, strategies, and challenges were in their teaching of Asian bilingual students.
• Equity for Black Americans in Precollege Science
  Explores many of the experiences that Black Americans have in science education in the United States and proposes changes so that Black Americans have an equitable opportunity to engage in and learn quality science. Suggestions include preparing multicultural science teachers, eliminating tracking in schools, equipping classes with science curriculum materials and technology, and supplying financial resources.
• Equity Issues in the Academy: An Afro-Canadian Woman's Perspective
  Contends that the Canadian academy perpetuates dominant staffing of teaching and administrative positions with white males, marginalization of minorities, resistance to reflecting non-white values and experiences in education, and diminished expectations for minority students. The Canadian academy can become a site of empowerment and equity for all if it realistically confronts issues of bias and challenges white privilege.
• Estrategias para mejorar los resultados academicos para las latinas (Strategies for Improving the Educational Outcomes of Latinas). ERIC Digest
  The educational experiences of Latinas are affected by the interaction of many factors, including poverty, racism, sexual harassment, and lack of English language proficiency. This Spanish-language digest presents a range of strategies that schools can employ to promote the academic achievement of Latinas.
• Ethics, Power, and Privilege: Salient Issues in the Development of Multicultural Competencies for Teachers Serving African American Children with Disabilities
  This article addresses educators' ethical responsibility for recognizing the inherent dignity and worth of African American students with disabilities. It opens with a brief overview of multicultural education and continues with a three-pronged model for addressing multicultural competencies: awareness, knowledge, and skills.
• Ethnicity and Comparative Youth Disaffection in Multicultural Contexts: Some Multiracial Experiences of Education in Thanet and Lille
  Explored youth disaffection, focusing on K-12 schools in England and France. Data from student interviews, staff interviews, and classroom observations indicated that educational inclusion in the two countries was not meeting the educational needs of disaffected youth.
• Ethnicity, Race, and Nationality in Education: A Global Perspective. The Rutgers Invitational Symposium on Education Series
  This volume contains 12 papers originally presented at the 14th Rutgers Invitational Symposium on Education in 1999. The symposium explored contemporary issues of ethnic, cultural, and national identities and their influence on the social construction of identity.
• Excelencia Para Todos--Excellence for All: The Progress of Hispanic Education and the Challenges of the New Century. Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by U.S. Secretary of Education, Richard W. Riley (Bell Multicultural High School, Washington, DC, March 15, 2000)
  The main theme of Richard W. Riley's speech is the importance of quality education to America's Latino community.
• Exploring Cultural Differences in Classroom Expectations of Students from the United States and Taiwan
  A survey of 265 U.S. and 247 Taiwanese college students' expectations of teachers and students showed significant differences related to cultural values such as collectivism/individualism, power distance, and egalitarianism.
• Exploring Multiple Serendipitous Experiences in a First Nations Setting as the Impetus for Meaningful Literacy Development
  An Aboriginal teacher engaged her non-Native students in the historical study of a Secwepemc child's experiences of residential schooling. Pedagogical practices included reading a novel based on remembrances of residential schooling, journal writing to stimulate critical thinking and engagement with the text, author interview, and a field trip by students and parents to the former residential school.
• Exploring the Relationships between Racial/Cultural Identity and Ego Identity among African Americans and Mexican Americans
  Relationships between collective identity and ego identity were examined among 229 African American and Mexican American university students. Participants completed scales measuring racial or cultural identity and ego identity.
• Exploring the Self-Perceived Multicultural Counseling Competence of Elementary School Counselors
  Counselors (N=76) from an elementary school completed the Multicultural Counseling Competence and Training Survey to assess their perceptions of multicultural competence. The results suggest they perceived themselves to be largely multiculturally competent, except in areas of racial identity development.
• Extending Multicultural Counselor Competence to Sexual Orientation
  The purpose of this study was to develop and establish psychometric properties of the Sexual Orientation Counselor Scale (SOCS), an instrument assessing the awareness, skills, and knowledge of counselors working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations.
• Eyes on Education: A Proposal for East Side Union High Schools.
  This paper presents information from surveys of 1,028 diverse high school students in one California district about inequalities they experienced and their thoughts regarding such issues. While 83 percent of students are students of color, 38 percent of teachers are teachers of color.
• Facilitating Culturally Integrated Behaviors among Allied Health Students
  Cultural integration, an ongoing process of cultural awareness, competence, and action, is essential for allied health professionals. It may be fostered through a curriculum emphasizing critical reflection and active and experiential learning, including immersion in other cultures.
• Faculty Experience with Diversity: A Case Study of Macalester College
  This study tested the belief that domestic racial/ethnic diversity in the classroom contributes to the preparation of students for civic responsibility, focusing on Macalester College, a small liberal arts college in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
• Field-based Teacher Education for Greater Cultural Sensitivity
  Southeast Missouri State University revised its teacher education program to include field-based experiences in each of its four blocks of courses. Student teachers are placed in rural and urban schools with pupils from various socioeconomic, cultural, racial, and disability groups.
• From Cradleboard to Motherboard: Buffy Sainte-Marie's Interactive Multimedia Curriculum Transforms Native American Studies
  Describes "Science: Through Native American Eyes," an interactive multimedia CD-ROM for middle school that is part of the Cradleboard Teaching Project developed by musician and teacher Buffy Sainte-Marie. The Cradleboard joins Native American tradition and high-tech innovation to explore the core curriculum of the National Content Standards.
• GlobaLinks: Resources for Asian Studies, Grades K-8
  The growing accessibility of the Internet in schools and homes has removed borders and barriers to learning. Schools can maximize students' multicultural experiences by developing curricula that heighten global consciousness and responsibility.
• Harriet Rohmer on New Voices and Visions in Multicultural Literature
  Presents an interview with Harriet Rohmer, founder of Children's Book Press, an independent publishing house founded in 1975 dedicated to publishing bilingual children's books authored and illustrated by writers and artists of American minority communities. Discusses how she selects books for publication, books to be published soon, and the importance of all children seeing reflections of themselves in books.
• Hispanic Education in the United States: Raices y Alas. Critical Issues of Contemporary American Education
  This book portrays what works in creating better educational opportunities and effective school reform for Hispanic Americans, offering a reflection on the bicultural experience of minority groups in U.S. schools and showing how and why educational reforms must seek to build upon rather than downplay the native culture and language of minority students.
• Hispanics and Higher Education: Multicultural Myopia
  Hispanic Americans are underrepresented in higher education and in business faculty. Their career development is often hindered by discrimination and they are often channeled into two-year colleges where attrition is higher.
• Historical Facts and Fictions: Representing and Reading Diverse Perspectives on the Past
  Presents brief descriptions of 22 recently published books for children and adolescents that present untold stories that begin to fill in the gaps of mainstream versions of the past. Includes categories of historical fiction, historical nonfiction, biography/memoir, and poetry and verse.
• Homophobia and the Demise of Multicultural Community: Strategies for Change in the Community College
  Looks at teaching strategies for incorporating texts by sexual minorities into writing and literature classrooms, and for handling blatantly homophobic comments. Argues that such comments work to undercut the idea of a writing community.
• How Many Students Live with Extended Family Members and What That Might Mean?
  According to the same census information, 9 percent of all children live with at least one grandparent. African American children and youth are more likely to live with a grandparent (9 percent), compared with 6 percent for Latino children and only 3 percent for Asian or Pacific Islander children.
• How Whiteness Frames the Beliefs of White Female Pre-Service Teachers Working with English Language Learners of Color
  This paper reports on a study that attempted to make white female student teachers aware of their racism in order to improve their capacity to teach in a multicultural and antiracist classroom. Despite meaning well, many white student teachers of children of color exhibit racism, for example, in the form of low expectations, resentment, and antipathy toward their students of color.
• Immigration Then and Now: Old Face, New Story
  The current wave of immigration is creating such an upheaval, and caught in this emotional jumble are first generation immigrant students. These students are being raised and educated in the United States and are developing understandings of their place within the nation and what it means to be an American.
• Impediments to Minority Student Learning
  Describes a two-part study involving 125 minority female students, 14 faculty members and 35 textbooks that explored the kinds of images minority students found in their textbooks. Results indicated that the exclusion, omission, or misrepresentation through images directly impacted student learning as well as student career choices.
• Improving Upper Grade Math Achievement via the Integration of a Culturally Responsive Curriculum
  This report describes an intervention program for increasing mathematical achievement of African American students. Within the targeted population, it was evident that the disparity in math achievement between African American and White students was increasing each year.
• In Search of Wholeness: African American Teachers and Their Culturally Specific Classroom Practices
  This collection of essays is a theoretical and practice-oriented treatment of how culture and race influence African American teachers.
• Increasing African-American Teachers' presence in American Schools: voices of students who care.
  Presents the narratives of several African American students to illustrate the impact on students of having or not having African American teachers. Students' descriptions of their interactions with and praise for African American teachers illuminate why recruiting more teachers of color is important not only to the profession but also to the students themselves.
• Increasing Critical Multicultural Understanding via Technology: "Teachable Moments" in a University-School Partnership Project
  A university-school correspondence partnership project was designed to enhance student teachers' multicultural awareness and understanding. This electronic mail-based project had undergraduates interact with culturally and experientially diverse students.
• Influences on Children's Sharing in a Multicultural Setting
  Examined various potential contributors to sharing (parenting styles, context of identified versus anonymous sharing, and gender) among Caucasian and Asian second graders at an international school, also noting variables known to relate to sharing in young children (moral reasoning and empathy). Parenting styles, gender, and context all influenced children's sharing behavior, as did culture and moral reasoning.
• Informational Memorandum: Degrees Conferred, 1998-99 Update.
  This publication presents data on academic degrees conferred by the University of Wisconsin System. Tables are organized by institution and level; proportion of degrees conferred by level; degrees conferred by discipline area and level; trends in degrees conferred by discipline area; degrees conferred by gender; and degrees conferred by race/ethnicity.
• Infusing Multiculturalism into Educational Psychology: Influence on Preservice Teachers' Attitudes toward Teaching African American Students
  The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the influence that multicultural infusion would have on preservice teachers in an educational psychology course. Eight educational psychology classes at the same university participated in research to assess preservice teachers' attitudes toward teaching African American students.
• Integrating Nonminority Instructors into the Minority Environment
  Examines the factors facilitating the effectiveness of nonminority faculty members at institutions with a predominantly minority student body. Concludes that self-awareness of one's racial identity and how it informs one's expectations about learning styles and appropriate classroom behavior is vital.
• Introduction to Culturo-Metrics: Measuring the Cultural Identity of Children and Teachers
  The attainment of a cultural identity is a major challenge of social development for many children from minority groups in today's fast-changing multicultural societies. Culturo-metrics is a new area of research that teachers and researchers can use to measure cultural identity and to explore culturally preferred behaviors of children and teachers in multicultural classrooms.
• Issues in Mathematics Education with African American Students
  To teach mathematics successfully to African Americans, there must be modification of what math is as a knowledge. Recently, a framework was composed which delineated four disparate dimensions of math as a type of knowledge and how assessment varies as a result of the definitions.
• Issues in Shared Schools in Mixed Aboriginal & Non-Aboriginal School Systems
  Canada's public schools are essential public goods resources. For children to benefit, parents cooperate in efforts to support and enhance their children's education.
• Issues of Discrimination in European Education Systems
  Examines difficulties and complexities in researching issues of discrimination in education across European countries as a first step in devising intercultural curricula. Discusses cross-national differences in terminology, in the ways in which research issues related to racism and interculturalism are formulated, and in the educational experience of children of immigrant and ex-colonial groups.
• Kaleidoscope: A Multicultural Booklist for Grades K-8. Third Edition. NCTE Bibliography Series
  The third edition of this annotated bibliography collection offers students, teachers, and librarians a helpful guide to the best multicultural literature (published between 1996 and 1998) for elementary and middle school readers.
• Language Use of Mauritian Adolescents in Education
  Reports on a research project conducted in Mauritius that aimed to investigate patterns of language use, language choice, and language attitudes of Mauritian adolescents in full-time education. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire and interviews from a sample of the secondary school population.
• Le multiculturalisme dans la formation initiale des maitres du primaire: un defi incontournable pour le systeme scolaire Quebecois (Cultural Pluralism within the Preservice Education of Elementary School Teachers: An Inescapable Challenge for the Quebec School System)
  Until recently, Quebec has been largely white, francophone, and Catholic. But now, with a wide variety of immigrants, Quebec education must allow all students to recognize themselves as full-fledged members of society despite their differences.
• Learning and Not Learning English: Latino Students in American Schools. Multicultural Education Series
  This book examines the experiences of four Mexican children in American middle schools struggling to learn English. It discusses policy and instructional dilemmas surrounding English language education for immigrant children.
• Learning How To Ignore Racism: A Case Study of One White Beginning Teacher in "The White Highlands" and the Two Black Boys in Her Care
  This paper focuses on the experiences of one beginning teacher, studying the ways issues of race and ethnicity are dealt with in a predominately white elementary school. Faced with issues of racism in the classroom, the teacher had no strategies to handle either overt or covert racism, both of which appeared to be condoned by those responsible for her training.
• Learning the Chinese Language in a Multicultural Milieu: Factors Affecting Chinese-Canadian Adolescents' Ethnic Language School Experience
  Surveys of 510 Chinese-Canadian adolescents attending 3 Chinese language schools in Calgary (Alberta) found that older immigrant children maintained or developed the native language better than younger ones, and limited teaching hours and insufficient reinforcement for using Chinese outside school hindered development of literacy in Chinese. (Contains 30 references.) (TD).
• Let's Play Mancala and Sungka! Learning Math and Social Skills through Ancient Multicultural Games
  This article describes how teachers can use two African and Asian games (Mancala and Sungka) to help students with learning disabilities succeed in school. It discusses the history of the games, how to play, the benefits of the games for children with disabilities, and choosing which game to use.
• Linking Diversity and Educational Purpose: How Diversity Affects the Classroom Environment and Student Development
  This study examined the impact of diversity on students' self-perceived improvement in the abilities necessary to contribute positively to a pluralistic democracy. It noted how such diversity-related campus activities as exposure to multicultural curricula and opportunities to study and interact with diverse peers affected student development.
• Listen to Their Teachers' Voices: Effective Reading Instruction for Fourth Grade African American Students
  Identifies effective teaching methods that can enhance the reading skills of fourth grade African American students. Notes that the teachers identified independent reading and writing, phonics and vocabulary, teacher modeling, the use of multicultural materials, engagement of parental involvement, incorporating prior knowledge, and cooperative learning as the methods they believed were most effective with the group.
• Literacy Development of Students in Urban Schools:Research and Policy
  The issues concerning the teaching for reading in diverse disadvantaged community are important and difficult to deal with. This book is a must read for anyone teaching in an urban setting or preparing teachers to teach reading in diverse communities.
• Looking for Leverage: Issues of Classroom Research on "Algebra for All."
  In the United States, African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans have lower success rates and higher drop-out rates in mathematics than other racial or ethnic groups. Given that quantitative competency serves increasingly as a vehicle for economic enfranchisement, these differential success rates make mathematics achievement a civil rights issue.
• Measuring Counselor Competence with Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual Clients: Implications for Multicultural Training
  This study attempted to develop psychometric properties of the Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale (SOCCS), an instrument used to assess the awareness, skills, and knowledge of counselors working with the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) population.
• Mentoring: Creating Connected, Empowered Relationships
  This book is an effort to explore the ways in which mentoring and counseling are related and can be applied to one another. To meet the needs of a diverse audience, the authors present the advantages of initiating mentoring relationships with people of different genders, age groups, and cultural backgrounds.
• Minority Representation in Special Education.
  Investigates the overrepresentation of minority students in special education in the U.S. Racial representation along with regional variations and state poverty rates; Correlation between racial representation and state poverty rates; Existence of regional variations in minority representation.
• Multicultural Aspects of Parent Involvement in Transition Planning
  A survey of 308 African-American, Hispanic-American, Native-American, and European-American parents found that culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) parents are active in transition planning activities and, in some instances, their level of reported participation surpassed that of European-American parents. In contrast, 52 professionals described CLD parents as less involved.
• Multicultural Competencies: A Guidebook of Practices
  Intended to benefit the entire counseling community, this guidebook demonstrates current multicultural competencies and successful delivery of services across the various professional counseling disciplines. Leading authorities offer concrete direction for effective multicultural counseling and reflect on what they have found to be the best practices in their specialty area.
• Multicultural Education: Issues, Policies, and Practices. Research in Multicultural Education and International Perspectives, Volume 1
  This book presents recent research findings on different aspects of multicultural education, informing teachers of the issues, policies, and new approaches prevalent around the world.
• Multicultural Information Quests: Instant Research Lessons, Grades 5-8
  This book contains multicultural "treasure hunts" designed for use by teachers and librarians working with grades five through eight to: develop students' awareness of cultures other than their own; promote student research that requires using books other than an encyclopedia; provide students with annotated reference lists that may be used for their own research projects; promote research as an educational activity that can be fun; and enhance the curriculum. The reproducible lessons guide young learners in fascinating searches for information on multicultural subjects, including religion and mythology; holidays, customs and folklore; dictionaries and slang; great scientists; food; sports heroes; and literature.
• Multicultural Literature in Rural Schools: A Social Studies Unit that Promotes Cultural Awareness
  Presents a study in which 12 multicultural literature selections were used in a unit on families in order to facilitate the cultural awareness of second-grade students who live in a predominately African American, rural community. Discusses the themes that emerged.
• Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure with Art Therapy Students: Assessing Preservice Students after One Multicultural Self-Reflection Course
  Graduate art therapy students enrolled in a multicultural art therapy course were given the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure as a pretest and posttest to assess their own cultural identity. Results indicate that stronger cultural identification is possible following the completion of one multicultural art therapy course.
• Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 2000
  This publication presents seven articles concerned with the education of students with disabilities or special talents who also have cultural or linguistic differences.
• Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 2002
  This issue of "Multiple Voices" contains the following articles: (1) "A Self-Study of Diversity: Preservice Teachers' Beliefs Revealed through Classroom Practices" (Donna M. Sobel and others), which presents the results of seven preservice teachers' self-study that reveals ways in which the teachers' beliefs regarding diversity issues were realized in their classroom interactions, practices, and observations; (2) "African American Parents' Involvement in Their Children's Special Education Programs" (Courtney Davis and others), which examines the empirical literature on parental involvement and finds insufficient reporting of sample selection, data collection, and data analysis procedures; (3) "Effects of Failure Free Reading on Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students with Learning Disabilities" (Grace England and others), which presents findings that indicate using the Failure Free Reading Program improved letter and word identification, word attack skills, and reading comprehension; (4) "Native Americans and Augmentative and Alternative Communication Issues" (Sheela Stuart and Howard P.
• Native Americans Today: Resources and Activities for Educators, Grades 4-8
  This activity guide seeks to dispel misrepresentations of Native Americans and build understanding among cultures by offering a hands-on approach to dissecting the whys and hows of institutionalized racism and by painting a realistic and diverse picture of modern American Indians.
• Notes from California: An Anthropological Approach to Urban Science Education for Language Minority Families
  Describes a unique and ongoing collaboration involving a team of bilingual/multicultural teacher-educators, preservice teachers, teachers, students, and community members in an urban California elementary school. Uses critical ethnography as a framework and focuses on building an American garden house to show how, by drawing on participants' funds of knowledge, a new kind of multiscience can emerge.
• On the Power of Separate Spaces: Teachers and Students Writing (Righting) Selves and Future
  Studied the effect of programs within desegregated schools that serve an identified population of students for cultural affirmation and advancement. Ethnographic data from a girls' group at an urban magnet school and a Vietnamese students' homeroom, focusing on 20 high school students, in an urban comprehensive school demonstrate both the power of such "spaces" and the contradictory impulses within such arrangements.
• On the Power of Separate Spaces: Teachers and Students Writing (Righting) Selves and Future
  Studied the effect of programs within desegregated schools that serve an identified population of students for cultural affirmation and advancement. Ethnographic data from a girls' group at an urban magnet school and a Vietnamese students' homeroom, focusing on 20 high school students, in an urban comprehensive school demonstrate both the power of such "spaces" and the contradictory impulses within such arrangements.
• Organizational Culture and Its Impact on African American Teachers
  Studied how the organizational culture of schools and the cultural values of African American teachers affect the professional experience of these teachers in schools where they are in the minority. Results for seven teachers show that the majority established the work norms, resulting in a uniformity of rules and regulations with which people of color were expected to comply.
• Osborne. A Teacher's Handbook
  Osborne, located on the Isle of Wight, is almost entirely Victorian. It was designed, built, and furnished to the royal family's specifications (as a holiday home), and remains largely unaltered since Queen Victoria died in 1901.
• Our Souls To Keep: From Surface to Deep in Literary Representations Regarding Race
  Presents literary reviews that reveal deeper issues to consider when exploring beyond the surface and reflecting on the racial schisms pervading the United States. The literature examines: a conference on the relationship of education and African American self-concept; the role of black mothers in raising their sons; slave novels; a critical review of speaking; and the Ebonics debate in education.
• Perceptions of Teachers, Administrators, and Community Members about Returning to a Neighborhood School Structure
  This study investigated the perceptions of selected stakeholders about the impact of returning to a district-wide neighborhood school structure after having been under a federal desegregation mandate (involving busing) since the 1970s. It focuses on data from interviews with African American and white elementary school teachers.
• Picture Books by Latino Writers: A Guide for Librarians, Teachers, Parents and Students
  This comprehensive guide includes background and publication information about picture books for children and adolescents by Latino authors, summaries of titles and bibliographical information on the authors, illustrators, and translators. The picture books suggested in the guide cover a variety of different subjects, including families, holidays, celebrations, animals, foods, libraries, homes, traditions, religious celebrations, and careers.
• Picture Story Books that Teach Children about Appalachia: Problems, Perplexities, and Proposals (Part 3)
  Synthesizes research presented in two previous "Southern Social Studies Journal"articles that reviewed picture books about the topic of Appalachia. Discusses the problems that were encountered and offers nine proposals as solutions to these problems.
• Pluralism and Science Education
  Examined how British preservice science teachers responded to an independent study pack designed to stimulate their understanding of race and culture. The pack provided information on cultural diversity and pluralism in Britain and educational responses to cultural pluralism.
• Pre-Creating the HyperNews Classroom Community: (Not)Speaking, (Not)Writing the Subtext
  As two groups of teachers met to set up a HyperNews network for a grant project, it became clear that politics cannot be kept out of the classroom. In creating a community of diverse writers via HyperNews, six composition classes were linked for online discourse among departments: Asian American Studies, Chicano Studies, Pan African Studies, and English participated in each group.
• Preparing K-12 Teachers To Teach for Social Justice: An Experimental Exercise with a Focus on Inequality and Life-Chances Based on Sico-Economic Status
  Describes a preservice multicultural education and social foundations course designed to expand awareness of and encourage an appreciation and respect for diversity, highlighting an experiential exercise that focuses on institutional inequities of socioeconomic status and that promotes critical thinking, cooperative group work, and making use of multiple intelligences. (SM).
• Preparing Teachers To Support American Indian and Alaska Native Student Success and Cultural Heritage. ERIC Digest
  This digest briefly summarizes the literature on preparing educators to promote the success of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students. Success in Native terms means not only academic achievement but also the development of the whole person.
• Preschool Children's Classification Skills and a Multicultural Education Intervention To Promote Acceptance of Ethnic Diversity
  Examined the impact of an 8-week intervention program designed to reduce racial/ethnic stereotyping among preschoolers varying in classification skill. Found that children in the experimental group had increased in classification skills at posttest and were less likely to sort photo cards by race/ethnicity and more likely to sort them by gender and age than were control group children.
• Presenting the Wounded Knee Massacre in Books for Children: A Review Essay on Neil Waldman's "Wounded Knee."
  Reviews a book on the 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee, suggesting that the author puts a white, European bias on the actual events, which encourages non-Indian young readers to think in limited ways about Indian people and keeps them from identifying with Indian people. (SM).
• Preservice Teachers and Teacher Educators: Are They Sensitive about Cultural Diversity Issues
  This study assessed the beliefs about and sensitivity toward cultural diversity issues of teacher educators and preservice teachers. A group of 78 predominantly white preservice teachers and 45 predominantly white teacher educators completed the Beliefs About Diversity Scale, which assessed beliefs about race, gender, social class, ability, language/immigration, sexual orientation, and multicultural education.
• Project Bridge: Preparing African-American Teachers To Work with Young Children with Disabilities and Their Families. Final Report
  This final report describes the activities and outcomes of a federally funded project that was designed to prepare African-American students at the graduate level as teachers in Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE), who would be capable of meeting the special education needs of young children with disabilities, ages birth through five, and their families.
• Promoting Multicultural Competence: A Cross-Cultural Mentorship Project
  Describes the Cross-Cultural Mentorship Project (CCMP), designed to increase the multicultural competency of Euro-American graduate counseling students and to serve the needs of Native American students as defined by Native American educators in an urban school district. The CCMP model supports mentors in their multicultural development through cultural consultants, academic coursework, and faculty supervision.
• Race and Higher Education: Why Justice Powell's Diversity Rationale for Racial Preferences in Higher Education Must Be Rejected
  The assertion of the right of higher education institutions to use racial preferences in their admissions policies has been based on the diversity rationale that U.S. Supreme Court Justice Lewis F.
• Race in the College Classroom: Pedagogy and Politics
  This collection of essays by college instructors who teach in the humanities, social sciences, science, and education, addresses the challenges faced by professors who believe that teaching responsibly requires an honest examination of race.
• Race, Culture, and Intelligence: An Interview with Asa G. Hilliard III
  Hilliard, a professor and expert on African culture, speaks about the racial and cultural bias of standardized tests, multiculturalism, the concept of race, Afrocentric teaching, Ebonics, recruiting and retaining African-American teachers, and the future classroom. (SK).
• Reading "Whiteness" in English Studies
  Considers the role of the "white ground" in English studies at a critical period, the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the discipline, along with the rest of the academy and country, struggled mightily with issues of race. Describes the author's interest in constructing a narrative about the relationships between discourse and identity with students.
• Reading Enhancement for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children through Multicultural Empowerment
  Considers how learning to read can be difficult for Deaf students, but the task is even harder for Deaf minority students. Explores strategies to inspire an interest in reading and multicultural acceptance for Deaf and hearing students alike.
• Relationships among Multicultural Training, Moral Development, and Racial Identity Development of White Counseling Students
  Surveys counselor education students (N=68) using Defining Issues Test and White Racial Identity Scale to determine relationships among multicultural training and moral racial identity development. Results indicated that training could help change modes of information processing about racial attitudes, but may not promote cognitive complexity needed for moral development.
• Repertoire, Authenticity, and Instruction: The Presentation of American Indian Music in Oklahoma's Elementary Schools. Native Americans: Interdisciplinary Perspectives--A Garland Series
  This book examines the presentation of American Indian music by elementary music educators in Oklahoma, which has the largest American Indian population of any state. A literature review covers an historical profile of multicultural music education, ethnomusicological studies of American Indian music, dissertations pertaining to American Indian music in the classroom, analysis of American Indian content in general music textbooks, and surveys assessing inclusion of American Indian music in curricula.
• Representing the Inuit in Contemporary British and Canadian Juvenile Non-Fiction
  Examines text and pictorial representations of the Inuit in juvenile reference books and in geographical and historical juvenile non-fiction works. Finds continuing prevalence of a wide range of stereotypes.
• Secondary Transition of Multicultural Learners: Lessons from the Navajo Native American Experience
  This discussion of the impact of culture and cultural differences on school and work and the importance of enhancing multicultural awareness also reports on a study that evaluated the experience of 22 Navajo Native Americans high school graduates in transition. Findings stress the importance of students' significant relationships, limited educational and vocational perceptions, and connection to homeland and culture.
• Serving Children in Biracial/Bi-Ethnic Families: A Supplementary Diversity Curriculum for the Training of Child Care Providers.
  Because of increasing numbers of children from biracial/bi-ethnic families attending childcare programs and increasing awareness of cultural diversity, and in recognition of the connection between a child's success and his or her racial/ethnic self-esteem, this curriculum is intended to help childcare providers integrate activities and materials that focus specifically on biracial/bi-ethnic children into existing multicultural or other curricula.
• Social Inclusion: Would Dickens Approve?
  Discusses exclusion of ethnic minority students from school in Britain as it reflects the operation of complex differential expectations and assumptions. Data from several studies show that exclusions have been racialized and that black boys are often excluded or disciplined for showing culturally specific behaviors.
• Sociocultural Considerations in Social Skills Training Research with African American Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders.
  Students with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) often have been identified on the basis of their social competence deficits. The overrepresentation of African American students in special education programs for EBD has been recognized for decades.
• Sources and Information Regarding Effective Retention Strategies for Students of Color
  Reporting literature from the ERIC system, highlights issues and concerns regarding minority student retention and learning success within community colleges. Discusses factors contributing to declining retention rates and effective programming strategies designed to address continued participation of students of color.
• Special Education or Racial Segregation: Understanding Variation in the Representation of Black Students in Educable Mentally Handicapped Programs
  The disproportionate representation of black students in special education programs has been well documented, yet explanations for the overrepresentation are rare. Using a unique sample of U.S.
• SPECIAL EDUCATION OR RACIAL SEGREGATION: Understanding Variation in the Representation of Black Students in Educable Mentally Handicapped Programs.
  The disproportionate representation of black students in special education programs has been well documented, yet explanations for the overrepresentation are rare. Using a unique sample of U.S.
• Special Education Use among the Negev Bedouin Arabs of Israel: a case of minority underrepresentation?
  This study takes the well-documented minority overrepresentation/ disproportionality debate a step forward by asking if, and in what ways, overrepresentation and disproportionality may be seen among a non-American minority group, namely, the Arab citizens of Israel. Statistical evidence suggests that Arab children are more likely than Jewish children to be diagnosed as retarded and to be sent to special education schools.
• Special Services and Capeverdean Children: Establishing Culturally Relevant Connections
  Although Capeverdean Americans have been a part of the long multicultural history of the United States, little has been written within the professional literature about the special services needs of this cultural group. This article presents some important features of the culture and history of Capeverdeans that are relevant for the provision of culturally sensitive special needs services.
• Standards for professional development schools
  This project involved field testing and revising the "Standards for Professional Development Schools" (PDSs) and developing an assessment process for their use. Eighteen PDS partnerships participated.
• State Politics, Students, Administrators, and Faculty: Teaching American Studies in Idaho
  A professor who teaches an American Studies course at the University of Idaho contends that she has her work cut out for her. According to the professor, Idaho's conservative political climate has led to her learning to negotiate.
• Strategies for Improving the Educational Outcomes of Latinas. ERIC Digest
  Latinas' educational experiences are affected by the interaction of many factors, including poverty, racism, sexual harassment, and lack of English language proficiency. With guidance from educators, Latina adolescents can make fulfilling educational choices.
• Student Acceptance of a Multicultural Education: Exploring the Role of a Social Work Curriculum, Demographics, and Symbolic Racism
  A study examined multicultural attitudes of social work students. Surveys of 437 undergraduates at a rural Kentucky university indicated that student acceptance of multiculturalism was influenced by gender and their own stances on White privilege and institutional racism.
• Student Perceptions of Teacher Ethnic Bias: Implications for Teacher Preparation and Staff Development
  This study investigated the perceptions of 2,409 7th-12th graders regarding teacher ethnic bias. Participants comprised three groups: school dropouts, students at risk of dropping out, and a control group of students.
• Supporting and Questioning Representation
  Takes up issues of representation, identity, and authenticity while sharing a list of Asian, Asian American, and Polynesian children's books. Encourages readers to use this list in constructing their multicultural classrooms while simultaneously reflecting on the issues complicating their own review processes.
• Surveying the Landscape: Perceptions of Multicultural Support Services and Racial Climate at a Predominantly White University
  Examined how white and minority students at a predominantly white college perceived racial climate, student support services, multicultural courses, and attitudes toward cultural diversity on campus. Surveys indicated that white and minority students' perceptions varied, and campus support services were inadequate for creating an environment where minority students could have as positive an experience as white students.
• Tackling Racism in Our Schools: A Perspective from Telford and Wrekin and Shropshire
  Describes the approach taken to address racial discrimination in schools in an area of England that has relatively few minority students. Also describes a brochure that was prepared to alert parents about the existence of racism in the schools, and what they can do about it.
• Taking It Personally: Racism in the Classroom from Kindergarten to College. Teaching and Learning Social Justice Series
  This book chronicles two teachers and their own educational progress in antiracist education. When one, a female African American elementary school teacher, accepted an invitation from the other, a White college professor, to speak to her graduate preservice teacher education class (a required multicultural education course), an explosive classroom incident occurred.
• Teaching about Arab Americans: What Social Studies Teachers Should Know
  External influences in the universal culture have significantly affected the image of Arab Americans and their children. Although Arab Americans are less visible than other minorities, the anti-Arab perception in the media makes them more visible in a negative way.
• Teaching and Learning with the Seventh Generation: The "Inward Bound" Experience
  Pre-health freshmen from a New York university worked at a traditional Mohawk community in return for lessons in Iroquois spirituality, healing, and ecology. Reciprocity between community members and students alleviated problems related to appropriation of Native American traditions and "great white hope" philanthropy, and deepened students' recognition of compassion and understanding of healing.
• Teaching the Growing Population of Nontraditional Students
  This document contains three articles on teaching the growing population of nontraditional students.
• Teaching with Folk Stories of the Hmong: An Activity Book. Learning through Folklore Series
  This book is designed as a guide for teaching students about Hmong culture while building appreciation of worldwide cultural diversity. After providing an overview of the distinct history and customs of the Hmong, co-author Dia Cha shares her experiences growing up in Laotian villages, escaping from communist soldiers, living in refugee camps in Thailand, and coming to the United States.
• Telling Their Side of the Story: African-American Students' Perceptions of Culturally Relevant Teaching
  Examined African American elementary school students' interpretations of culturally relevant teachers within urban contexts. Student responses indicated that culturally relevant teaching strategies had a positive effect on student effort and engagement in class content.
• Text and Context: Using Multicultural Literature To Help Teacher Education Students Develop Understanding of Self and World
  This study compares the responses of black and white preservice teachers as they engaged about a young adult novel which addressed racial and sexual diversity. Student teachers used young adult literature with protagonists from diverse backgrounds as one means of coming to understand and value children of all backgrounds.
• The Bilingual Factor.
  Reports on the advocacy of speech language pathologists and audiologists in New Mexico for state recognition for bilingual skills. Goal of a legislation introduced in the New Mexico House of Representatives; Reasons for the overrepresentation of Hispanic and Native American Students in special education; Actions taken by the New Mexico Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
• The Color of Bureaucracy: The Politics of Equity in Multicultural School Communities
  This book is for administrators, teachers, policymakers, educational reformers, and community leaders who are concerned with achieving greater social justice in education. It provides an in-depth understanding of the challenges to schools brought about by lingering views of race, gender, ethnicity, and class, showing how the inequalities of the country's past are unconsciously maintained through inherited systems of bureaucratic control.
• The Concept of "Ubuntu": Africa's Most Important Contribution to Multicultural Education?
  Examines the African concept of "ubuntu", which indicates an inner state of almost complete humanization and is the essence of community and commonality. Discusses how ubuntu could contribute to multi-cultural education.
• The Culturally Diverse Classroom: A Guide for ESL and Mainstream Teachers
  This handbook is for teachers and administrators involved with international students in English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) and mainstream settings. It is intended to raise awareness of the new American classroom.
• The Effectiveness of Minority Teachers on Minority Student Success
  This paper examines the shortage of minority teachers and explores the high priority that exists among parents, teachers, and the business community to work toward a diversified teaching force, focusing on the U.S. Hispanic population and investigating whether minority teachers in the classroom can result in minority student success in school.
• The Energy-Culture Connection
  Introduces an activity in which students study the relationships between cultures and energy. Provides students with different scenarios to investigate the possible effects of having or not having energy in different cultures.
• The European School Model Part II
  Argues that in the European School (ES) program, younger students should learn in their own language, as opposed to in English, which is widely practiced at international schools. Suggests specific language learning according to ES' four stages: (1) nursery school; (2) primary school; (3) middle school; and (4) upper school.
• The High-Quality Learning Conditions Needed To Support Students of Color and Immigrants at California Community Colleges. Policy Report.
  California Tomorrow, a non-profit research organization that supports the development of a fair and inclusive multicultural society, conducted this study.
• The Impact of an International Cultural Experience on Previously Held Stereotypes by American Student Nurses
  Examined stereotypes held by U.S. student nurses before and after participating in an educational experience in Russia.
• The Impact of Undergraduate Diversity Course Requirement on Students' Racial Views and Attitudes
  Describes a study that found that students who were about to complete their undergraduate diversity requirement exhibited significantly less prejudice and made more favorable judgements about African Americans, compared with students who were just beginning this requirement. Emphasizes the educational value of diversity-related curricular initiatives.
• The Multicultural Factor in Making Decisions
  This paper summarizes a south Asian custom of decision-making and a western custom of decision-making. It then describes by example the meeting of these customs, based on traditional philosophies (one supporting an entire family group, the other leaving a person to function individually and independently), when a newcomer (an Indian male graduate student) from the family-oriented philosophy enters a host culture of the individual and independent philosophy.
• The Multicultural Movement and Its Euphemisms
  Discusses educational implications of the multicultural movement, highlighting: relativism versus anti-relativism; consequences of institutionalizing differences; implications of confusing culture with identity; tensions involved in cultural identification; African Americans as an example of race, class, and education; the neglected variable of social class; black culture versus black identity; subjective culture, self-esteem, and community; and positive approaches to these debates. (SM).
• The Pit Boss: A New Native American Stereotype?
  Stresses the importance of U.S. history textbooks containing information that is accurate, realistic, and comprehensive, noting that while there are increased portrayals of Native Americans in today's history textbooks, portraying them in a stereotypical manner that suggests a single type of Indian culture is inappropriate and may affect students' attitudes toward Native Americans or their own self-esteem.
• The Power of Poetry
  Discusses poetry and the power it can have in elementary school classes. Considers why poetry is effective and the value of memorizing poems, and recommends multicultural titles for Blacks, Mexican Americans, Asian Americans that can help motivate children to read and write.
• The Relationship between Ethnolingusitic Identity and English Language Achievement for Native Russian Speakers and Native Hebrew Speakers in Israel
  Investigated the relationship among identity, affective variables, and achievement in English as a foreign language (EFL). Participants were 135 native Hebrew speakers and 53 native Russian speakers studying advanced EFL at an Israeli university.
• The Relationship between Racial Identity Cluster Profiles and Psychological Distress among African American College Students
  African American college students (N=182) completed the Racial Identity Attitudes Scale. Results from the multivariate categorization scheme revealed five types of empirically derived racial identity attitude profiles.
• The Role of Critical Multicultural Education and Feminist Critical Thought in Teacher Education: Putting Theory Into Practice
  Identifies current problems in teacher education, recognizing larger social dilemmas and the need for change; discussing the need to acknowledge one's perpetuation of social problems; and examining how to transform schooling through a major shift in critical reflection on social issues, noting teachers' role in achieving educational and social reform by integrating critical multiculturalism, critical feminism, and ethics. (SM).
• The Role of Empathy in Teaching Culturally Diverse Students: A Qualitative Study of Teachers' Beliefs
  Investigated teachers' beliefs about the role of empathy in their effectiveness with culturally diverse students. All respondents had participated in a multicultural professional development course geared to fostering culturally responsive practice.
• The State of Students of Color, 2001
  This report reviews the educational experiences of students of color in Minnesota schools, colleges, and universities, highlighting students and communities of color; students of color K-12 enrollments; students of color K-12 achievement; students of color college success; early college awareness; and redefining success for students of color.
• Theory and Research on Stereotypes and Perceptual Bias: A Didactic Resource for Multicultural Counseling Trainers
  Theories and selected research on stereotyping and cognitive automaticity are presented as a resource base for multicultural counselor educators. Three multicultural competencies are identified: (1) personal beliefs/attitudes; (2) cultural knowledge; and (3) multicultural skills.
• They Came to America. Fifth Grade Activity. Schools of California Online Resources for Education (SCORE): Connecting California's Classrooms to the World
  Since the early 1600s, millions of people have came to the United States from all over the world. At that time, Native American Indians inhabited the land, but they too had come from elsewhere 30,000 years earlier.
• Three Ways To Achieve a More Equitable Representation of Culturally and Linguistically Different Students in GT Programs
  This article posits that increasing minority teachers in gifted and talented (GT) programs will lead to an increase of minority students in GT programs. Ways to recruit and prepare minority teachers are discussed, as are multicultural and bilingual options for GT programs.
• Tibetans and Tibetan Americans: Helping K-8 School Librarians and Educators Understand Their History, Culture, and Literature
  Provides a review and listing of literature for K-8 school librarians and teachers that focuses on the geography, history, and culture of Tibet and the diverse experiences and folklore of Tibetans. Includes references, other recommended works, and an annotated bibliography divided into folklore, biography, culture and history, fiction, videos, and Web sites of interest.
• Tipi Technology: Student Teachers in Washington State Experiment with Multicultural Science
  Describes a project for graduate students in teaching that asked them to see from another cultural viewpoint by working out a way to erect a tipi. The success of the lesson with graduate students resulted in its adaptation for elementary school students as a multicultural science lesson.
• Understanding the Context of the "Other" Education: Black and White Students Talk about Their Experiences at Lone Star University, a Predominantly White Institution of Higher Education in the South
  This study examined students perceptions of campus racial climate and the effects it has on their growth and development while attending a predominantly white research university (Research 1 classification) where black students are less than 3% of the student body. The study sought to illuminate the perceptions of campus climate and development as experienced by black and white students.
• Using Intercollegiate Response Groups To Help Teacher Education Students Bridge Differences of Race, Class, Ethnicity
  To provide preservice teachers with opportunities for contact with people from racially and ethnically different backgrounds, one university initiated intercollegiate reader response groups using the WebCT format, which allowed students to converse with one another over distances, both within and across universities. Students from separate universities talked with one another about multicultural children's literature.
• Using Solution-Focused Intervention to Address African American Male Overrepresentation in Special Education: A Case Study.
  Highlights the problem of overrepresentation of African American males in special education. Case example; Two phases of intervention to address aggression and unhappiness of an African American male; Outcome of intervention.
• Using the New Racial Categories in the 2000 Census: A KIDS COUNT/PRB Report on Census 2000
  This report addresses issues that data users will face in using, interpreting, and presenting new data on race from the 2000 census, which allowed multiple racial responses. Changing how the census collects data on race is not new.
• Walking Ourselves Back Home: The Education of Teachers with/in the World
  Shares the insights and knowledge that one African American teacher gleaned about the historical and cultural understandings of Africa that, although sometimes unconscious to her as an African American, run through her veins and are manifested in her teaching, focusing on her work in Ghana and noting the tensions, contradictions, struggles, and joys available to teachers when they engage and work in international or inter-cultural sites. (SM).
• Weaving Connections: Educating for Peace, Social and Environmental Justice
  This collection of essays by Canadian educators seeks to achieve two goals. First, it documents educational philosophies and approaches that are directed toward equity, justice, peacefulness, and earth awareness.
• What's a (White) Teacher To Do about Black English?
  Argues that it is important for Black students and for all students to understand that Black English is indeed a language with rules, beauty, and power so that they come to respect it, respect its history, and respect their own bilingualism. (SR).
• White Teachers/Black Schools; Stories from Apartheid South Africa
  Interviewed white teachers in apartheid-era South Africa who taught in segregated schools for black students, all of whom believed that they were part of the fight against apartheid. Though they taught in segregated schools, they worked to facilitate students' political awareness and voice.
• Why All the Counting? Feminist Social Science Research on Children's Literature
  Addresses the question of why counting has figured so prominently in feminist social sciences studies of children's literature. Documents the quantitative approach to children's books used by both liberal and radical feminists; gives an account of why this approach has been so popular among feminist social scientists; and outlines some of the achievements and limitations of this approach.
• Why are so many minority students in special education? Understanding race & disability in schools
  Scholars have discussed the overrepresentation of minority students in special education programs for high-incidence disability categories since long before the first federal law P. L.
• Why Pick on Me? School Exclusion and Black Youth
  This book examines school exclusion in the United Kingdom, particularly the exclusion of black males, using data from the author's experience as an advisory teacher for multicultural education and from four studies of black students. The book highlights school-related determinants of young people's life chances.
• Women and Minorities in High-Tech Careers. ERIC Digest No. 226
  Women and minorities are underrepresented in technology-related careers for many reasons, including lack of access, level of math and science achievement, and emotional and social attitudes about computer capabilities.
• Women Faculty of Color in the White Classroom: Narratives on the Pedagogical Implications of Teacher Diversity
  This book compiles narratives by women professors of color who examine their classroom experiences in predominantly white U.S. campuses, focusing on the impact of their social positions upon their classroom practices and teaching-learning selves.
• Write Me In: Inclusive Texts in the Primary Classroom
  As much as any society of people, Australians represent themselves as equals. Yet few Australians are able to fit the widely circulated myths about what is normal, valuable, and desirable in their society.